Ⅱ Questions on content:
1. Do you agree with Kennedy that the world is very different now? What differences does he have in mind? Do you agree with him?
1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has made great progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him．
2.Whom does Kennedy consider as friends and whom as foes? 3．Kennedy considers as friends： a)the old allies of the U．S．， such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries； b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．
4.Name some old allies of the United States whose cultural and spiritual origins the United States share. 4． Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also include France．
5. Name some of the new states whom Kennedy welcomes (para 7). What does he pledge to them? 5．Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa． In 1 960 alone， just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech， the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Cen— tral Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Da-homey，The People’s Republic of the Congo。The(jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc．
6. Who are those peoples in huts and villages? Why does Kennedy want to help them?
6．The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．)
7. What is his stated policy towards Latin America? 7．The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the chains of poverty．
8. Sum up the policy Kennedy says he intends to pursue towards those nations whom he considers to be \
8．Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary” is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary． From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．
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9. What is his message to his fellow citizens? What does he mean by \long twilight struggle\
9．He calls on his fellow—Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do． He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary， to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The“long twilight struggle”is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．
10. Do you agree that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office? Give your reasons.
10．There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed office at a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises． At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy． So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．
Ill. Questions on appreciation:
1. Speeches are generally highly rhetorical. Point out some of the different rhetorical devices Kennedy employs to make his inaugural address as forceful and impressive as possible.
1． The rhetorical devices employed included： figures of speech，parallel and ballanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses．
2. Is the address well organized? Comment on the order in which he addressed the different groups of nations and people. 2． Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and appropriate．
3. Cite examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice and use of words.
3．In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence \special pledge\the word \is particularly chosen to connote equality and mutual good relations in his attempt to allay the traditional fears these countries have of their powerful big brother in the north. And in the sentence \our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request\the phrase \make them- selves our adversary\other party, It suggests that the United States has done nothing to create enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.
4. Is his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses? Give your reasons.
4.Nermedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them
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over, and veiled threat, warning and! advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.
5. This inaugural address is regarded by many in the United States as a classical speech, and many passages are often quoted. Could you pick out some passages likely to be quoted by Americans? Give reasons for your choice.
5. Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be \shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty\as this is not only a carefully thought out, well-ballanced sentence easy to remember and elegantly pleasant to read aloud, but also a sentence that best expresses the proud feelings of the Americans as the self-appointed leader of the \Americans to \also very often quoted because it represents the enterprising spirit of the Americans of which Kennedy is a best example.
6. Is Kennedy' s argument and persuasion based mainly on facts and logic or on an appeal to emotions? Would this type of speech be successful on all occasions？
6. Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on e-motional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.
IV. Paraphrase:
1. And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe (para 2)
2. This much we pledge--and more. (para 5)
3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. (para 5)
4. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (para 9)
5. our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace (para 10)
6. to enlarge the area in which its writ may run (para 10)
7. before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction (para 11)
8. yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war (para 13)
9. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness (para 14)
10. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. (para 17)
11. each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty (para 21 )
12. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love (para 27)
Ⅵ. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words:
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高级英语2Inaugural Address 课后习题 重点题
