第三讲 主旨大意题
[整体感知·明方向]
主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。
常见设问方式 1．标题归纳题
The best title of the passage is ________.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What would be the best title for the passage? The most appropriate title of the passage is ________. 2．文章大意题
What's the main idea/point of the passage? The passage is mainly about ________. What is the text mainly about?
The general/main idea of the passage is about ________. 3．段落大意题
What does the author tell us in Paragraph...?
The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. Which of the following can best summarize Par.1？
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1.过于笼统，不知所云 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 3.移花接木，偷换概念 2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文4.无中生有，生搬硬套 章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。 [分类例析·通技法]
标题归纳题
◆[解题攻略]
理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题 一个好的标题应具备三大特点： 1．概括——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符； 3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。 因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 ◆[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ，阅读D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？It's turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon's students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they're close to a solution(解决方案)．“We don't give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a project manager.
“There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically，it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.’Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...it's not a very nice thing at times.It's a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响)on college admissions and practical life
skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don't teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.
35．What is the best title for the text? A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts B．Space：The Final Homework Frontier C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform [解题思路]
[第一步] 读文章，概括文意
本文讲述了美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为HUNCH的项目，一群高中生在项目中研究如何杀死国际空间站的细菌。
[第二步] 析选项，斟酌判断
NASA：宇航员的家 A 文中虽提到有关NASA方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。 太空：高中生前沿研究 B Space对应太空研究，Final Homework对应高中教育，Frontier突出了领先性 大自然：一个课外教室 C 并不聚焦太空领域 HUNCH：大学入学改革 HUNCH主要是太空研究 无中生有 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 以偏概全，主次不分 D 无中生有 [答案] B 文章大意题
◆[解题攻略]
掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。 以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
2020新课标高考艺考英语复习教师用书：第二板块专题一第二部分第三讲 主旨大意题
