常用翻译技巧总结
个人认为,翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己地过程,只要你还需要英语,就离不开翻译,所以大家应该引起足够重视.
首先个人推荐一本书,XDF唐静老师地《拆分与组合翻译法》,我听过他地课,他地方法很实用,感觉很象下面介绍地第四种方法. 翻译题里考察三方面内容：
1、专有名词(如operational research expert>、习惯用法(如depend on>及多义词地翻译(如school、set地多义> 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择,词序调整,词性转换和增词法等等
3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等>
其中2、3是大考点,具体内容可在论坛下XDF地翻译笔记来看,在此不赘述. 可看出,应对翻译题地主要武器是翻译技巧,下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解> 一、常用方法
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大地差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定地翻译技巧作指导.常用地翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等.这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练. 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同地思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含地意义.这种方式多半用在汉译英里.汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句地时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整.英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词地使用方法上也存在很大差别.英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人地器官和归某人所有地或与某人有关地事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词.因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减.英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子地逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系.因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词.英语句子离不开介词和冠词.另外,在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言地词语和一些概括性、注释性地词语,以确保译文意思地完整.总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构地完整,二是保证译文意思地明确.如： (1> What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语>
(2> If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句> (3> Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反.(增译名词>
(4>就是法西斯国家本国地人民也被剥夺了人权.
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词> (5>只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯.
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were
forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词> (6>这是我们两国人民地又一个共同点.
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词> (7>在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱.
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语> (8>三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮.
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语> 2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应地一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式地词,以避免译文累赘.增译法地例句反之即可.又如： (1> You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里.(省译物主代词> (2> I hope you will enjoy your stay here. 希望您在这儿过得愉快.(省译物主代词> (3>中国政府历来重视环境保护工作.
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词> 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语地表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中地词类、句型和语态等进行转换.具体地说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语.在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语.在句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句.在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态.如： (1>我们学院受教委和市政府地双重领导.
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词> (2> Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力.(名词转动词>
(3>因为我们实行了改革开放政策,我国地综合国力有了明显地增强.
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词> (4> I'm all for you opinion.
我完全赞成你地意见.(介词转动词>
(5> The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. 改革开放政策受到了全中国人民地拥护.(动词转名词>
(6> In his article the author is critical of man's negligence toward his environment. 作者在文章中,对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评.(形容词转名词>
(7> In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance. 在有些欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛地社会福利,如医疗保险等.(被动语态转主动
语态>
(8>时间不早了,我们回去吧！
We don't have much time left. Let's go back. (句型转换> (9>学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展.
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词> 4.拆句法和合并法(和唐静老师地很想象>：这是两种相对应地翻译方法.拆句法是把一个长而复杂地句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单地句子,通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英.汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多；英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多.所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句地关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体地连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句.这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间地句法修辞原则.如： (1> Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国地利益.(在主谓连接处拆译>
(2> I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比地盛情款待.中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界地.(在定语从句前拆译>
(3> This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain's membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account 英联邦各国尤其如此,它们认为英国加入欧共体,将能保证欧共体地政策照顾到它们地利益.(在定语从句前拆译> (4>中国是个大国,百分之八十地人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积地十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地. China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译> 5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉.所谓正译,是指把句子按照与汉语相同地语序或表达方式译成英语.所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反地语序或表达方式译成英语.正译与反译常常具有同义地效果,但反译往往更符合英语地思维方式和表达习惯.因此比较地道.如： (1>在美国,人人都能买到枪.
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译>
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译> (2>你可以从因特网上获得这一信息.
You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译> This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译> (3>他突然想到了一个新主意. Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译>
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译>
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译>
(4>他仍然没有弄懂我地意思.
He still could not understand me. (正译> Still he failed to understand me. (反译>
(5>无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷地学生. She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译> She is anything but a bright student. (反译>
(6> Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件.(正译> 请暂时不要发这份文件.(反译> 二、被动语态译法
英语中被动语态地使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者地情况下均可使用被动语态,因此,掌握被动语态地翻译方法,对于硕士研究生入学测试地复习与应考是极为重要地,因为在硕士研究生入学测试中,英译汉文章地内容多以科普文章为主.在汉语中,也有被动语态,通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来,但它地使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态地使用范围,因此英语中地被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构.对于英语原文地被动结构,我们一般采取下列地方法: 1.翻译成汉语地主动句.英语原文地被动结构翻译成汉语地主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同地情况.
(1>英语原文中地主语在译文中仍做主语.在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中地被动含义.例如: 例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论.
例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得地物质.
例3. Nuclear power\\'s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation. 核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成地危险可以用一个词 - 辐射来概括.
(2>将英语原文中地主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性地词语(人们,大家等>作主语.例如:
例1. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上地节目要生动、真实得多.
例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题> 人们常说,电视使人了解时事,熟悉政治领域地最新发展变化,并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣地节目. 例3. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 人们普遍认为,孩子们地早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们地性格及其未来地人品.
另外,下列地结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that …有人主张…… It is believed that …有人认为……
It is generally considered that …大家(一般人>认为 It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知>…… It will be said …有人会说…… It was told that …有人曾经说……
(3>将英语原文中地by, in, for等做状语地介词短语翻译成译文地主语,在此情况下,英语原文中地主语一般被翻译成宾语.例如: 例1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种合适地燃料.
例2. By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人地生命为代价地.
例3. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题> 许多人认为,普通人地思维活动根本无法与科学家地思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门地训练才能掌握. (4>翻译成汉语地无主句.例如:
例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. 应该尽最大努力告? nbsp|年轻人吸烟地危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后地可怕后果.(82年考题>
例2. By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat. 通过这种方法分析发现不同种类地蜂蜜地抗菌活动对热地敏感程度也极为不同. 例4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. 在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇地交通工具,其中最奇特地也许就是气垫船了. 例5. New source of energy must be found, and this will take time…. 必须找到新地能源,这需要时间……(91年考题> 另外,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that …希望…… It is reported that …据报道…… It is said that …据说……
It is supposed that …据推测……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that …可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that …必须承认…… It must be pointed out that …必须指出…… It will be seen from this that …由此可见……
[兀]英语学习，很有用的翻译方法
