专题03 形容词和副词
形容词和副词在高考试题中始终占很重要的地位。近几年高考对形容词和副词的考查具有“淡化语法、注重深层语义”的特点,以形容词和副词辨析为热点。同时继续加强对形容词和副词比较等级的考查。其考点主要包括:
1.考查形容词和副词词义辨析。
2.考查形容词修饰名词时的词序,即指示代词/不定代词+数词(序数词、基数词)+描绘性形容词+特征性形容词(大小、长短、高低、形状、年龄、新旧)+颜色形容词+国籍、出处+物质、材料+用途、类别+中心名词。
3.考查形容词和副词比较等级的常用句型及其修饰成分在句中的位置。 4.考查与形容词和副词有关的习语结构。
一、形容词和副词的基本用法 1.形容词在句中的作用。
(1)形容词在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
(2)形容词在句中也可作状语,用来表示主语所处的状态。 He was lying in bed,dead.
(3)alone/afraid/asleep/awake/alive/ashamed/ill/well(身体好)等常用作表语而不用作定语。如:
He is an ill man.(错) The man is ill.(对) She is an afraid girl.(错) The girl is afraid.(对)
(4)two-year-old/200-metre-long/one-thousand-word等复合形容词中的名词要用单数,一般只用作前置定语。如:
Tom is a two-year-old boy. 2.副词在句中的作用。
副词在句中一般用作状语,修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,也可修饰整个句子。如: Obviously you are wrong.
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二、常用连接性副词的用法
1.though用作副词时,常在句末,意为“然而,可是”,表示转折意义。 2.therefore“因此,所以”,表示结果。
3.meanwhile“与此同时,在此期间”,表示前后分句的动作同时发生。 4.moreover“另外”,表示承接关系。
5.however“然而”,表示让步、转折,常用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。 6.besides“另外;还有”,表示递进关系。 7.instead“相反”,表示前后分句意义相反。 三、形容词、副词的比较级及最高级 1.平级比较
(1)as+形容词/副词原级+as像……一样 (2)as+adj.+a/an+名词+as像……一样的…… (3)as much+a/an+名词+as和……一样是……
(4)not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as...不如……那样…… ①Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is). =Henry is as good a worker as Peter (is). Henry和Peter一样都是好工人。
②It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science. 人们普遍认为,教学是一门科学,同时也是一门艺术。 2.比较级
(1)the+比较级...,the+比较级...越……,越…… The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you'll make. 你越仔细,你犯的错误越少。
(2)the+比较级+of the two+名词,表示“两个中较……的”。 The taller of the two boys is my brother. 这两个男孩中较高的是我哥哥。 3.比较级的修饰词
常见的修饰词有much,a lot,a great deal,far,even,a bit, a little, any(否定句、疑问句中),具体的数据等。
He is much taller than Yao Ming.
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他比姚明高多了。
但是very/quite/fairly一般不用来修饰比较级;最高级常用by far/much或序数词作状语。如:
The population of China is by far the largest in the world. Africa is the second largest continent. 4.几种带有否定词的比较句型
(1)no better than表示“和……一样;实际等于……”。例如: The patient is no better than he was yesterday. 病人的情况和昨天一样(不好)。
(2)no more...than表示“同……一样不”。例如: A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 鲸和马都不是鱼。
(3)no less... than表示“和……一样;不逊于”。例如:
The technique of writing is no less difficult than that of the other arts. 写作技巧和其他艺术技巧一样困难。 5.比较级表达最高级含义
(1)“否定词+比较级”有最高级的含义。
Your story is perfect;I've never heard a better one before。 你的故事太完美了,我从来没有听到比这更好听的故事。 (2)比较级在以下几种句式中均表示最高级含义。 比较级+than+any other+单数名词 比较级+than+all the other+复数名词 比较级+than+anyone else
比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词 比较级+than+the rest of+复数名词或不可数名词 例如:朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。(一句多译)
①Julia is taller than any other girl in her class. ②Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class. ③Julia is taller than any of the other girls in her class. ④Julia is taller than the rest of girls in her class.
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⑤Julia is the tallest girl in her class. 四、倍数表达法
1.A is+倍数+比较级+than+B 2.A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
3.A is+倍数+the+名词(size,length,height等)+of+B
4.the+名词(size,length,height等)+of A is+倍数+that+of+B 5.A is+倍数+what引导的名词性从句 长江是珠江的三倍长。(一句多译)
①The Yangtze River is twice longer than the Pearl River. ②The Yangtze River is three times as long as the Pearl River. ③The Yangtze River is three times the length of the Pearl River. ④The length of the Yangtze River is three times that of the Pearl River. 五、形容词作定语时的位置
1.通常置于所修饰的词之前,但不定代词的定语通常在后面。如: Someone strange is asking to see you.
Something unexpected happened and we had to make some changes to our plan. 2.else常放在不定代词和疑问代词后面作定语。如: No one else can answer the question.
3.多个形容词作定语时的词序为:大小、长短、高低形状/年龄、新旧颜色/来源、国籍、地区、出处/材料/用途。如:
an expensive Japanese sports car, those three beautiful large square old brown wood table.
考点一 形容词、副词的比较等级用法
例1.It may not be a great suggestion. But before ________ is put forward, we’ll make do with it.
A.a good one B.a better one C.the best one
D.a best one
解析:选B 句意:它或许不是一个好建议,但在更好的建议被提出之前,我们先凑合一下。此处暗含比较,表示“一条更好的建议”,是泛指,故选B。
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【变式探究】I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are ________ meaningful things to do.
A.less C.the least
B.more D.the most
【举一反三】
This is by far ________ movie that I have ever seen.
A.an inspiring C.the most inspiring
B.a much inspiring D.the more inspiring
解析:选C 句意:这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心的电影了。by far 中用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级或最高级。根据that从句的描述可知,应该选择C项,即用最高级形式。D项,“the+比较级”常常要与由of构成的短语连用。
考点二 形容词、副词辨析
例2.David is ________ animal fur, so he won’t visit anyone who has cats or dogs in the house.
A.curious about C.satisfied with
B.allergic to D.fond of
解析:选B (be) curious about“对……好奇的”;(be) allergic to“对……过敏的”;(be) satisfied with“对……满意的”;(be) fond of“喜欢”。根据空格后面的so he won’t visit anyone who has cats or dogs in the house可知,戴维对动物皮毛“过敏”。
【变式探究】The Forbidden City attracts a ________ stream of visitors every day, especially during national holidays.
A.constant C.powerful
B.main D.shallow
解析:选A 句意:紫禁城每天都吸引着络绎不绝的游客,特别是在国庆节期间。A constant stream of visitors表示“络绎不绝的游客”。Constant“持续不断的”,符合句意。Main“主要的”;powerful“强有力的”;shallow“浅的”。
【举一反三】Tony can hardly boil an egg, still ________ cook dinner. A.less C.much
B.little D.more
解析:选A 句意:托尼几乎不会煮鸡蛋,更何况做饭呢。still less意为“何况,更不用说”,符合句意。
考点三 倍数表达法
例3.This restaurant wasn't ________ that other restaurant we went to.
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