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Module 6 Old and New Section Ⅲ Grammar 非限制性定语从句和
定语从句的缩略
语法图解 探究发现
①She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into mouth.
②The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. ③A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer, whose mind is not in the real world.
④Qingdao is a beautiful city, where I’ll pay a six-day visit. ⑤They have a son and two daughters, all of whom live in the city.
⑥He lived in London for two months, during which time he picked up some English. ⑦David, as you know, is an amateur photographer. ⑧He spoke to the girl (who was) from Paris.
⑨We said goodbye to Mr. Green, (who was) still busy at his office. [我的发现]
(1)①～⑦句中，关系词前面均有逗号，它们为非限制性定语从句。 (2)⑧⑨句中都可以省略括号中的词，从而构成定语从句的缩略。 一、非限制性定语从句 1．作用
非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号隔开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。
2．关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语。当先行词指人时，通常使用who, whom, whose来引导；当先行词指物时，通常使用which来引导。关系代词不可以省略。另外，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令在场的所有人感到惊讶。
Bob’s father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt. 鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。 As can be seen from his face, he is quite pleased. 从他的脸上可以看出来，他非常高兴。
[名师点津] 由as, which引导的非限制性定语从句，as和which可指代整个主句或
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主句所表达的整个意思，相当于and this或and that，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有：
(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2)as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等动词的主、被动语态句，有“正如，就像”之意；which常翻译为“这一点”。
[即时演练1]
(1)用适当的关系代词填空
①Have you seen the film Warcraft(《魔兽》), whose leading actor is world famous? ②My friend, who has served on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.
③As we all know, China is a developing country.
④My uncle gave me a book, the cover of which is very beautiful. ⑤Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. (2)完成句子
①The boy, whose_father_is_an_engineer,_studies very hard. 那个小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。
②These apple trees, which_I_planted_three_years_ago,_have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。 3．关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句
当先行词指时间或地点时，用when, where引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作状语。why不引导非限制性定语从句，但可用for which代替。
We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy. 我们将把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。
Many children go to a day care centre, where they can learn games. 很多孩子上日间托儿所，在那儿他们可以学习游戏。 [即时演练2]
(1)用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空
①They went to London, where they lived for six months.
②He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will stay with his family. ③We’ll graduate in July, when we will be free.
④They reached the hotel yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held. (2)完成句子
(浙江高考改编)I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade,
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when_I_went_up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
五年级时，我爬上一棵树去取卡在树枝上的风筝，直到那时我才成为一名真正的登山爱好者。
4．“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largest ...of which/whom等形式。
Here are the questions, some of which I thought are difficult for you. 问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说太难了。 [即时演练3]
(1)选词填空：which, whom
①(重庆高考改编)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.
②(天津高考改编)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.
(2)完成句子
①(2016·江苏高考改编)Many young people, most_of_whom well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好地的教育。 ②It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds_of_which are under cultivation.
现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中超过三分之二的土地已经耕种。
③The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff, eighty_percent_of_whom are women.
这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。 二、定语从句的缩略
有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语言现象为定语从句的缩略。
1．缩略为分词短语
有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词(who, which, that)和部分谓语(am, is, are等)，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语。
The people who live in the village have moved to other areas. →The people living in the village have moved to other areas. 住在这个村子里的人们已经搬到其他地方了。
They are problems which have been left over by history.
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→They are problems left over by history. 这些是历史遗留下来的问题。
[名师点津] 有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和语态。
The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking. →The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking. 那辆汽车的主人将因违章停车而被处以罚款。 2．缩略为形容词短语
若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语由形容词短语充当，可直接略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词，从而使定语从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。
He saw a magazine on the table that/which was next to him. →He saw a magazine on the table next to him. 在他旁边的桌子上，他看到了一本杂志。
My uncle lives in a village that/which is remote from the madding crowd. →My uncle lives in a village remote from the madding crowd. 我叔叔住在一个远离喧嚣尘世的村庄里。 3．缩略为名词短语
由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。
We finally reached Rio, (which was) the end of our journey. 我们最后抵达里约——我们旅行的终点站。 4．缩略为介词短语
若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语为介词短语，可略去作主语的关系代词和连系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。
Then the man who was in the shop understood what the Frenchman meant. →Then the man in the shop understood what the Frenchman meant. 然后商店里的人明白了法国人的意思。
Do you know where is the black cup that/which was on the shelf? →Do you know where is the black cup on the shelf? 你知道以前架子上的黑色杯子现在在哪里吗？
[名师点津] 若定语从句中含动词has, have, had (有)，可以用介词with/without代替定语从句中作主语的关系代词和谓语动词has/have/had, 使定语从句缩略为with/without短语作后置定语。with适用于肯定的定语从句； without适用于否定的定语从句。
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The teacher was looking for a rule that didn’t have an exception. →The teacher was looking for a rule without an exception. 老师在寻找一条无例外的规则。 5．缩略为动词不定式短语
某些含有情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语。 There are still many problems that must be solved. →There are still many problems to solve. 还有许多问题必须解决。
The question which will be discussed tomorrow is whether workers’ salary should be increased.
→The question to be discussed tomorrow is whether workers’ salary should be increased.
明天要讨论的问题是工人薪水是否应该增加。 [即时演练4]
(1)用所给词的适当形式填空
①(山东高考改编)There’s a note pinned to the door saying (say) when the shop will open again.
②(四川高考改编)The airport to_be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.
(2)完成句子
①The house damaged_in_the_fire will be rebuilt soon. 在火灾中损坏的房子不久就要被翻修。(过去分词短语作定语) ②The train leaving_from_Platform_5 goes to Beijing. 从第五站台开出的火车驶往北京。(现在分词短语作定语)
③This is the best thing to_do in memory of our beloved teacher. 这是为纪念我们敬爱的老师所做的最好的事情。(不定式作定语) ④The box full_of_books is mine. 装满书的箱子是我的。(形容词短语作定语) ⑤He lives in a small house near_the_zoo. 他住在动物园附近的小房子里。(介词短语作定语) Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2015·北京高考改编)Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, where you can hear some lovely music.
2．(2015·福建高考改编)ChinaToday attracts a worldwide readership, which shows
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2020学年高中英语Module6OldandNewSectionⅢGrammar非限制性定语从句和
