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2024届高考数学大一轮复习第九章平面解析几何9.3圆的方程学案理北师大版

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their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. §9.3 圆的方程

最新考纲 考情考向分析 以考查圆的方程,与圆有关的轨迹问题、最掌握确定圆的几何要素,掌握圆的标准方程与一般方程. 值问题也是考查的热点,属中档题.题型主要以选择、填空题为主,要求相对较低,但内容很重要,有时也会在解答题中出现.

圆的定义与方程

定义 平面内到定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹叫作圆 222标准式 (x-a)+(y-b)=r(r>0) 圆心为(a,b) 半径为r 充要条件:D+E-4F>0 22方程 一般式 x+y+Dx+Ey+F=0 22圆心坐标:?-,-? 2??2122半径r=D+E-4F 2?DE?

知识拓展

their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. 1.确定圆的方程的方法和步骤

确定圆的方程主要方法是待定系数法,大致步骤: (1)根据题意,选择标准方程或一般方程.

(2)根据条件列出关于a,b,r或D,E,F的方程组. (3)解出a,b,r或D,E,F代入标准方程或一般方程. 2.点与圆的位置关系 点和圆的位置关系有三种.

已知圆的标准方程(x-a)+(y-b)=r,点M(x0,y0) (1)点在圆上:(x0-a)+(y0-b)=r; (2)点在圆外:(x0-a)+(y0-b)>r; (3)点在圆内:(x0-a)+(y0-b)

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题组一 思考辨析

1.判断下列结论是否正确(请在括号中打“√”或“×”) (1)确定圆的几何要素是圆心与半径.( √ )

(2)已知点A(x1,y1),B(x2,y2),则以AB为直径的圆的方程是(x-x1)(x-x2)+(y-y1)(y-y2)=0.( √ )

(3)方程Ax+Bxy+Cy+Dx+Ey+F=0表示圆的充要条件是A=C≠0,B=0,D+E-4AF>0.( √ )

(4)方程x+2ax+y=0一定表示圆.( × )

(5)若点M(x0,y0)在圆x+y+Dx+Ey+F=0外,则x0+y0+Dx0+Ey0+F>0.( √ ) (6)方程(x+a)+(y+b)=t(t∈R)表示圆心为(a,b),半径为t的圆.( × ) 题组二 教材改编

2.(2024·南昌模拟)以点(3,-1)为圆心,并且与直线3x+4y=0相切的圆的方程是( ) A.(x-3)+(y+1)=1 B.(x-3)+(y-1)=1 C.(x+3)+(y-1)=1 D.(x+3)+(y+1)=1 答案 A

3.圆C的圆心在x轴上,并且过点A(-1,1)和B(1,3),则圆C的方程为. 答案 (x-2)+y=10 解析 设圆心坐标为C(a,0), ∵点A(-1,1)和B(1,3)在圆C上, ∴|CA|=|CB|,

即?a+1?+1=?a-1?+9,

222

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their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. 解得a=2, ∴圆心为C(2,0),

半径|CA|=?2+1?+1=10, ∴圆C的方程为(x-2)+y=10. 题组三 易错自纠

4.若方程x+y+mx-2y+3=0表示圆,则m的取值范围是( ) A.(-∞,-2)∪(2,+∞) B.(-∞,-22)∪(22,+∞) C.(-∞,-3)∪(3,+∞) D.(-∞,-23)∪(23,+∞) 答案 B

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m?m?22

解析 将x+y+mx-2y+3=0化为圆的标准方程得?x+?+(y-1)=-2.

4?2?

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由其表示圆可得-2>0,解得m<-22或m>22.

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5.若点(1,1)在圆(x-a)+(y+a)=4的内部,则实数a的取值范围是( ) A.-11或a<-1 D.a=±4 答案 A

解析 ∵点(1,1)在圆内,

∴(1-a)+(a+1)<4,即-1

6.若圆C的半径为1,圆心在第一象限,且与直线4x-3y=0和x轴都相切,则该圆的标准方程是( ) A.(x-2)+(y-1)=1 B.(x-2)+(y+1)=1 C.(x+2)+(y-1)=1 D.(x-3)+(y-1)=1 答案 A

解析 由于圆心在第一象限且与x轴相切,可设圆心为(a,1)(a>0),又圆与直线4x-3y=0相切,

|4a-3|1∴=1,解得a=2或a=-(舍去).

52∴圆的标准方程为(x-2)+(y-1)=1.故选A.

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2024届高考数学大一轮复习第九章平面解析几何9.3圆的方程学案理北师大版

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