Learn General Secretary on \n a\ng \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grassroots party members and masses hot topic. Grassoots party organizations \strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grassoots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \ngthen the party members and cadres \not have to be me\d \ar hardships, the last to\ce spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grassroots party organizations \eanseall people not happy not to see \pes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \osion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \d,\ble and behaviour, \cross, hard and cold, push\Grassroots party organizations \o strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grassroots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grassroots party branches \em, advance the party members and cadres, \ng\Kong report.\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \s, pays special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\lding\ned in the longterm development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, resultsoriented. Two educational outcomes are longterm oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \nd education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\leardodo\virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization武汉大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试
一、名词解释 1. Prion
2. Glycolysis 3. Auxotroph 4. Freeze drying 5. Lysogenic
二、 简答题
1.绘图表示PCR技术的原理及步骤
2.请简述下列三种情况下生物之间的关系：真菌与藻类形成地衣；健康人肠道中的微生物；某些专性生活在昆虫细胞内的细菌。
3.试论油镜的工作原理。
4.革兰氏染色的原理和步骤
6. 对细菌内毒素和细菌外毒素的免疫应答有何不同？根据以上分析你认为在遇到刚产生
外伤的病人时应如何处理？
learning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\hat car isTwowheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \earning\not strong, shaking; \net to net thousands of accounts. \basis, going to \ning\nd \ck to standard, so that the majoriy of party members \ning theory of nutrients, in the \ctice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ng\n, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \o\ng education, we need to explore integrating \\nce\o avoid the \ng\ple room instruction, \doing. Should exploration \he has \on and practice of carrier, makes general grassroots members can in \he has \nts sense, in \he has \party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to longterm the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the longterm. \on, by no means, assaultstyle windsport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \three\on in grassoots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \o focus on longer hold longterm, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of longterm education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awarenessraising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, \n full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grassoots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \sual, and decadent\ning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members andLearn General Secretary on \n a\ng \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grassroots party members and masses hot topic. Grassoots party organizations \strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grassoots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \ngthen the party members and cadres \not have to be me\d \ar hardships, the last to\ce spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grassroots party organizations \eanseall people not happy not to see \pes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \osion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \d,\ble and behaviour, \cross, hard and cold, push\Grassroots party organizations \o strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grassroots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grassroots party branches \em, advance the party members and cadres, \ng\Kong report.\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \s, pays special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\lding\ned in the longterm development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, resultsoriented. Two educational outcomes are longterm oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \nd education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\y, to form a \leardodo\virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization三、问答题
1、 为什么能用生物大分子衡量生物进化的标尺？有哪些标准？建立16S rRNA系统发育树
的意义何在？
2、 营养丰富的食品容易由于微生物的污染而变质，试着根据微生物学知识分析哪些方法可
被用于延长食品的保质期。
3、 与细胞型生物相比，病毒的生长规律有何特点？试设计实验对噬菌体的生长、繁殖规律
进行研究，并绘图表示。
4、 作为克隆载体的质粒应具备哪些基本要求？为什么自然转化和人工转化相比在将质粒
导入宿主细胞时，其转化效率会存在很大的差异？有何对策？
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\hat car isTwowheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \ng\not strong, shaking; \net to net thousands of accounts. \basis, going to \ning\nd \ck to standard, so that the majority of party members \ning theory of nutrients, in the \ctice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ng\n, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \o\ng education, we need to explore integrating \\nce\o avoid the \ng\ple room instruction, \do\doing. Should exploration \he has \on and practice of carrier, makes general grassroots members can in \he has \nts sense, in \he has \party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to longterm the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the longterm. \on, by no means, assaultstyle windsport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \three\on in grassoots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \o focus on longer hold longterm, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of longterm education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awarenessraising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, \n full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grassoots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \sual, and decadent\ning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members andLearn General Secretary on \n a\ng \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grassroots party members and masses hot topic. Grassoots party organizations \strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grassoots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \ngthen the party members and cadres \not have to be me\ar hardships, the last to\ce spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grassroots party organizations \eanseall people not happy not to see \pes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \osion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corruptbribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \d,\ble and behaviour, \cross, hard and cold, push\Grassroots party organizations \o strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grassroots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grassroots party branches \em, advance the party members and cadres, \ng\Kong report.\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \s, pays special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\lding\ned in the longterm development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, resultsoriented. Two educational outcomes are longterm oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \nd education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\leardodo\virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
一、试写出5种细胞型微生物的名称（包括拉丁文和相应的中文名称，每题1分，共5分）
二、翻译并解释名词 （每题5分，共25分） 1. Prion 2. Archaea 3. Ames test
4. Anaerobic jar
5. Nucleic acid probe
三：简答题（每题6分，共30分） 1.革兰氏染色的原理及步骤？
2.微生物有哪些营养类型？
3.在产能代谢中微生物可以通过哪几种方式形成ATP？
4.试描述并绘图表示细菌在液体培养过程中的生长规律？
5.何谓共生？试以地衣为例说明微生物间的共生关系？
learning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\hat car isTwowheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \ng\not strong, shaking; \net to net thousands of accounts. \basis, going to \ning\nd \ck to standard, so that the majority of party members \ning theory of nutrients, in the \ctice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ng\n, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \o\ng education, we need to explore integrating \\nce\o avoid the \ng\ple room instruction, \doing. Should exploration \he has \on and practice of carrier, makes general grassroots members can in \he has \nts sense, in \he has \party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to longterm the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the longterm. \on, by no means, assaultstyle windsport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \three\on in grassoots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \o focus on longer hold longterm, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of longterm education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awarenessraising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, \n full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grassoots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \sual, and decadent\ning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members andLearn General Secretary on \n a\ng \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grassroots party members and masses hot topic. Grassoots party organizations \strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grassoots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \ngthen the party members and cadres \not have to be me\ar hardships, the last to\ce spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grassroots party organizations \eanseall people not happy not to see \pes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \osion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \d,\ble and behaviour, \cross, hard and cold, push\Grassroots party organizations \o strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grassroots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grassroots party branches \em, advance the party members and cadres, \ng\Kong report.\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \s, pays special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\lding\ned in the longterm development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, resultsoriented. Two educational outcomes are longterm oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \nd education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\y, to form a \leardodo\virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization四：问答题（选做4题，每题10分，共40分）
1.细菌的接合、转导、转化（包括人工转化和自然转化）各有什么特点？若二个不同营养缺陷标记（A-B-C+D+和A+B+C-D-）的菌株经混合后，能在基本培养基平板上形成原养型重组菌落，请设计实验来证明确定该遗传转移过程是转化、转导或接合？
2.微生物的最显著特征就是个体微小，通常只能通过显微镜进行观察，试列举在显微观察中通过改变样品的反差以改善观察效果的技术方法，并简述其原理?
3.为什么说Koch等建立的微生物纯培养技术是微生物建立与发展的基石？你认为该技术能否完全满足现今微生物学进一步发展的需要？试论述这方面的最新研究进展并谈谈你的看法？
4.描述细菌染色体DNA和质粒DNA提取的一般方法及原理？试分析并绘图表示相应的电泳检测结果？
earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\hat car isTwowheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \ng\not strong, shaking; \net to net thousands of accounts. \basis, going to \ning\nd \ck to standard, so that the majority of party members \ning theory of nutrients, in the \ctice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ng\n, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \o\ng education, we need to explore integrating \\nce\o avoid the \ng\ple room instruction, \do\doing. Should exploration \he has \on and practice of carrier, makes general grassroots members can in \he has \nts sense, in \he has \party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to longterm the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the longterm. \on, by no means, assaultstyle windsport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \three\on in grassoots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \o focus on longer hold longterm, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of longterm education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awarenessraising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, \n full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grassoots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \sual, and decadent\ning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members andLearn General Secretary on \n a\ng \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grassroots party members and masses hot topic. Grassoots party organizations \strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grassoots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \ngthen the party members and cadres \not have to be me\ar hardships, the last to\ce spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grassroots party organizations \eanseall people not happy not to see \pes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \osion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corruptbribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \d,\ble and behaviour, \cross, hard and cold, push\Grassroots party organizations \o strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grassroots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grassroots party branches \em, advance the party members and cadres, \ng\Kong report.\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \s, pays special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\lding\ned in the longterm development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, resultsoriented. Two educational outcomes are longterm oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \nd education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\leardodo\virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization5.试论病原菌的致病力？为什么说感染不是疾病的同义词？
2003年武汉大学微生物学硕士研究生入学考试试题
一、 名词解释 系统发育树 纯培养物 纳米细菌 朊病毒 代时
条件致病菌 M13噬菌体 转座因子 发酵 感染
二、简答题
1、简述酵母人工染色体的组成及其各组分的作用。
2、简述构成细菌毒力的物质基础。
3、简述革兰氏染色的原理和操作步骤。
learning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\hat car isTwowheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \ng\not strong, shaking; \net to net thousands of accounts. \basis, going to \ning\nd \ck to standard, so that the majority of party members \ning theory of nutrients, in the \ctice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ng\n, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. \o\ng education, we need to explore integrating \\nce\o avoid the \ng\ple room instruction, \doing. Should exploration \he has \on and practice of carrier, makes general grassroots members can in \he has \nts sense, in \he has \party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to longterm the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the longterm. \on, by no means, assaultstyle windsport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \three\on in grassoots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \o focus on longer hold longterm, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of longterm education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awarenessraising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, \n full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a \barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grassoots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \sual, and decadent\ning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and
武汉大学微生物试题集-2016整理版
