英译汉
一、大纲要求和题型分析。
本部分要求考生，能够在不借助词典的情况下把一般难度、非专业性题材的英文句子或英文译成汉语。用词基本正确，无重大语法错误。英译汉的速度应达到每小时250字以上。
本部分有两种考法。设一篇长度为120左右英文词的短文，要求考生翻译全文。二是设一个较长的段落，要求考生翻译其中带有下划线的五个句子，满分为15分。考试时间为25分钟。
英译汉作为传统的英语测试题型。首次进入学士学位英语水平考试，是此大纲修订的最大变化。符合注重综合应用能力的测试原则，也符合翻译需求增加的社会发展趋势。
二、备考须知和解题要领。
任何一种考试从根本上都是知识水平的考察和发挥。因此，对翻译的备考，最重要的是平时多读，多听，多用，多揣摩，从总体上提高英语的综合能力。高水平的英语能力绝对是坚持不懈的用心和长期的积累。
翻译需要理解精准，比阅读理解的要求更高，没有准确的理解就不会有正确的表达。而正确的理解依靠平时练就的功夫。翻译中由于词义和语法错误理解的导致表达错误比比皆是。
备考翻译一定要在考前多做练习，一练精度，做到落笔即能得分。而不是提笔忘字，或者错别字连篇。二练速度，在保证正确准确的前提下，在规定时间内完成答题。三面清晰度，行文字迹清晰，工整，不潦草。不涂改，保证卷面整洁美观。
就解题要领来说，可归纳为两点。理解准确是前提，表达通顺是关键。
（一）理解准确是前提。
同阅读理解相比翻译中的理解更强调精细化。一般将理解过程描述为四个方面：词义理解。语法分析，文化分析，逻辑梳理。 词义理解--根据语境确定词义。 例句：Knowledge is power.
1. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 2. The matter was never brought to the knowledge of the president.
语法分析--解读词性信息，厘清成分结构。尤其是动词和代词。 动词：根据动词形式反推其所蕴含的时间，语态和语体的信息。
例句：1.The approximate annual rate of world population is 2 percent.if,starting with a few thousand human beings 5000 years ago, the human race had experienced a constant 2 percent annual increase, the Earth today would be swarming with people fighting for standing room.
例句：2.A conflict between the generations--between youth and age --seems the most stupid of all conflicts,for it is one between oneself as one is and one oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is. 代词：代词翻译出来的原则是直接翻译代词所指的内容，或者省略不译。 例句：1.Happy families also had their own troubles.
2.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attentions from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and
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technology:washing,machines,central heating,automatic cookers,television
sets,computers and fitted carpets. He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-to, a car driver, and has never had it so good. 厘清结构：英语完整的句子必须主谓齐全，除非有并列的连接词，不能出现两个主语和谓语。否则，就是从句。
例如1.The mountain is not valued because it is right.
2.You will be informed when they will leave for New York. 文化分析--1.一是所谓的“文化套句”，二是所谓的“文化词语”。 例句1.We went away as wise as we came.
2.Your guess is as good as mine. 逻辑梳理--时间顺序，逻辑分类，逻辑指代。
例句1.This morning I came back by train from Beijing where I had visited some of
my former colleagues after I had completed my task.
2. Our eyes can only see clearly an object of 1mm. Beyond 1mm milestone, we need an amplifying glass. 二、英译汉实例分析
The Olympic Games are the greatest festival of sports in the world.
1) Every four years， a hundred or more countries send their best sportsmen to compete for the highest honors in sport. As many as 6，000 people take part in over 20 sports. For the winners， there are gold medals and glory. But there is honor， too， for all who compete， win or lose. That is in spirit of the Olympics—— to take part is what matters.
The Olympic Games always start in a bright color and action. The teams of all the nations parade in the opening ceremony and march round the track. The custom is for the Greek team to march in first . For it was in Greece that the Olympics began.
2) The team of the country where the Games are being held——the host country ——marches in last. The runner with the Olympic torch then enters the stadium and lights the flame.
3) A sportsman from the host country takes the Olympic oath on behalf of all the competitors. The judges and officials also take an oath. After the sportsmen march out of the stadium， the host country puts on a wonderful display.
The competitors begin the next day. There are usually more than twenty sports in the Games. The rule is that there must be at least fifteen. The main events are in track and field ， but it is a few days before these sports start. Each day the competitors take part in a different sport ——riding， shooting， swimming， and cross-country running. Points are gained for each event.
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4) Medals are awarded for the individual winners and for national teams.
5) More and more women are taking part in the games. They first competed in 1900， in tennis and golf， which are no longer held in the Olympics. Women's swimming events were introduced in 1912. But it was not until 1928 that there were any track and field events for women. Now they compete in all but half a dozen of the sports. In horse riding， shooting， and boat racing， they may compete in the same events as the men.
6) Every land has its own dining custom， and the United States is no exception. Americans feel that the first rule of being a polite guest is to be on time. If a person is invited to dinner at 6;30，the hostess expects him to be there at 6：30 or not more than a few minutes after. Because she usually does her own cooking ， she times the meal so that the coffee and meat will be at their best at the time she asks the guest to come.
7) If he is late， the food will not be so good， and the hostess will be disappointed. When the guest cannot come on time， he calls his host or hostess on the telephone， gives the reason， and tells at what time he thinks he can come.
As guests continue to arrive， the men in the group stand when a woman enters and remain standing until she has found a chair. A man always rises when he is being introduced to a woman.
8) A woman does not rise when she is being introduced either to a man or a woman unless the woman is much older.
9) When the guests sit down at a dinner table， it is customary for the men to help the ladies by pushing their chairs under them. Even an American may be confused by the number of knives， forks， and spoons beside his plate when he sits down to a formal dinner. The rule is simple， however： use them in the order in which they lie， beginning from the outside. Or watch the hostess and do what she does.
10)The small fork on the outside on the left is for salad， which is often served with the soup. The spoon on the outside at the right is for soup， and so on. Sometimes there is a separate little knife， called a butter spreader， on a small bread-and –butter plate at the left. As the bread is passed ， each guest puts his piece on the bread-and butter plate.
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参考答案：
1)每隔四年，100多个国家选送他们最优秀的运动员云集于此，争夺世界体育比赛中的最高荣誉。(翻译的时候可以增加词汇，可以分成两部分进行表述。)
2)奥运会的承办国——东道国队的代表最后入场。(注意定语从句的翻译)
3)东道国的一名运动员代表全体参赛队员宣誓。(省译法，介词from省略。)
4)奖牌颁发给获胜的运动员和国家队。(注意语态的转换)
5)越来越多的女性正参加到奥运会的竞赛中来。(注意此句的进行时态)
6)每个国家都有自己的餐饮习俗，美国也不另外。(直译法)
7)如果你迟到了，食物就不会那么新鲜，女主人也会为此而感到失望。(增译法：增加词汇是在译文中增加一些原文中无其形而有其义的词，其目的是为了使译文的意义完整而明确，更符合汉语的表达习惯。本句增加了“为此”，使句子的意思更完整。)
8)而当一位女士被介绍给男士或女士时，她无需起立，除非那是一位比她年长的妇人。(英语状语从句用在主句后面的较多，而汉语的状语从句用在主句前的较多，因此，在许多情况下，应将状语从句放在主句前面;而且长句一般用分译法。)
9)当客人到餐桌旁准备就餐时，通常男士应帮助女士拉开椅子让她们坐下。(省译法：by没有译出。)
10)靠左边最外面的小叉是用来吃色拉的，色拉经常和汤一起上。(增译法，增加了“吃”，而且定语从句中被动语态翻译为主动语态。)
(一)较长文段中划线的句子翻译
Prime time is the period between 6 and lo p.m. during which most he general public watches television.Commercials in prime time are the most expensive,approaching a million dollars per minute.[1]Your real success in life will take a significant leap when you stop watching other people making money in their professions performing in prime time,and start living your own dreams and goals in prime time.
Time is the ultimate equal opportunity employer.Time never slops to rest,never hesitates,never looks forward or backward.Life's raw material spends itself in the now,this moment,which is why how you spend your time is far more important than all the material possessions you may own or positions you may obtain.Positions
change,possessions come and go,you can earn more money.[2]You can renew your supply of many things,but like god health,that other most precious
[3]Each yesterday,and all of them together,are beyond your control. Literally all
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the money in the world can't undo or redo a single act you performed.You cannot erase a single word you said.You cannot add an“I love you\“I’m sorry'\“\forgive you'\not even a \you”you forgot to say. Each human being in every henmisphere and time zone has precisely 168 hours a week to spend.And some of the most precious hours occur in prime time. Most of your daytime hours are spent helping other people solve their problems.[4]The little you have in the evenings and on weekends is all you have to spend on yourself,on your owns dreams and goals,and personal development.
Action idea: I you and your family/fiends watch TV, try not turning it on for one week.When you do watch TV,reduce by 50% the amount of tine you spend watching it.Concentrate you evenings and free time engaged in real life experience.[5]You can touch,smell,feel and engage all your senses in.Instead of virtual reality,insist on the real hing.
(二)短文全文翻译
Each society develops a unique culture,or leaned way of life,which it hands down to future generation.[2] Culture consists of shared belies,values,customs,and rules or norms of appropriate behavior.[3]How we act toward others,what is important to us,what we wear,eat,and otherwise buy and consume are greatly influenced by our culture.[4]Like our social class,our broader culture is so much a part of us that we often are unaware of its influence.[5]But our unconscious acceptance of culture may change to conscious awareness when we experience a foreign culture.[6]Here we begin to appreciate the similarities and differences in the cultures mentioned above.[7]Unawareness of subtle but important cultural differences can cause serious misunderstanding in international markets.
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成人学位考试英语-英译汉
