第六节 介词
介词又称前置词,表示它后面的名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与其他句子成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)称为介词宾语。
一、介词的种类
(一)简单介词,如 at,in,on,to,for,from等。
(二)复合介词,如 into,onto,inside,outside,without等。
(三)介词短语,如 according to,because of,in addition to,in front of等。
二、介词的位置
介词一般放在它的宾语前面,但在疑问句和定语从句中,介词可以后置。例如: He is from Canada.(他是加拿大人。)
I have brought a present for you.(我给你带来一件礼物。) What are you talking about? (你在讲什么?)
This is the boy (whom) you have been looking for.(这就是你一直在找的那个男孩。) 介词也可放在句首疑问词或关系代词之前。例如:
With whom will you go to the cinema tomorrow? (明天你将和谁去看电影?)
This is the book from which I got the story. (我就是从这本书里知道这个故事的。)
三、介词短语在句中的作用
介词不能单独作句子成分,只有和介词宾语一起构成介词短语,才能充当句子成分。介词短语在句中的用法如下: (一)作定语
A friend in need is a friend indeed. (患难朋友才是真朋友。) I have lost the key to the door of my room. (我把房间的钥匙丢了。) (二)作表语
We are from China.(我们来自中国。)
The child is like his mother.(这个孩子像他妈妈。) (一) 作状语
Pride goes before a fall.(骄者必败。)
We will go to New York instead of London.(我们将去纽约而不是伦敦。) 句末同时出现地点状语和时间状语时,一般是地点状语在前,而时间状语在后。例如: We will meet in the park at two o'clock. (我们两点钟在公园碰面。)
注:介词短语是由介词加宾语构成,可以单独作为一个句子成分;而短语介词则是一个相当于介词的词组,不能单独作句子成分。试比较:短语介词according to (根据)和介词短语according to the plan(按照计划)。
四、常用介词的主要用法举例(按字母顺序)
1.about (1)关于
I knew about Wenchuan Earthquake from the Net.(我从网上了解到汶川大地震的情况。) This report is about air pollution. (这是一篇关于大气污染的报道。) (2)到处,在周围
They went about the campus. (他们在校园里逛了一圈。) She planted flowers about the house. (她在房子周围种了花。)
(3)大约 (表示时间、数量等)
We left there about six o’clock. (我们大约六点钟离开那里。) There are about twenty students in the classroom. (教室里大约有20个学生) 2.above (与below 相反) (1)在?上头,高出 (指空间)
The airplane is flying above the clouds. (飞机在云彩上飞行。) There is a lamp above the desk. (在桌子的上方有一盏灯。) (2)以上,超过,高于 (数量、年龄等)
The machine weighs above twenty tons. (这台机器有20多吨重。) The number of the visitors will be above 2000. (游客的数量超过2000人) 3.across (1)横过
There is a new bridge across the river. (河上有一座新桥。) She drew a line across a piece of paper. (她在纸上划了一道线。) (2)在?对面,在那一边
The shoe shop is across the street. (鞋店在街对面) My house is just across the river. (我的房子就在河对岸) 4.after (与before相反) (1)在?之后 (时间)
Spring comes after winter. (过了冬天就是春天)
She went shopping after the film. (看完电影以后,她去购物了。) (2)在?后面 (空间)
Shut the door after you. (随手关门。) 5.against (1)靠着
Don’t stand against the door. (不要靠门站着。)
Let’s put the wardrobe against the wall. (让我们把衣柜靠着墙放。) (2)反对 (与for相反)
He is against the proposal. (他反对这个建议。 His action was against the law. (他的行为时违法的。) 6.along 沿着,顺着
Trees grew along the road. (公路两旁种着树。) He is running along the street. (他正沿着街往前跑。) 7.among 在?当中
This is a common mistake among students. (这在学生中是一个普遍的错误。) There is a hut among the trees. (树林中间有一间小屋。) 8.around (美语中常用around,英国常用 round) (1)在?的周围
They sat around the table.(他们围着桌子坐着。)
There is a fence around the garden.(花园四周有一道篱笆。) (2)在??那一边,在转过??的地方
The school is just around the corner.(拐角过去就是学校。)
(3)大约(表示时间)
The journey will take around five days.(这次旅行大约要花5天。) I'll be back around three o'clock.(我大约三点钟回来。) 9.as 作为
We are learning Japanese as a second foreign language. (我们把日语作为第二外语学习。)
I used a brick as a hammer.(我拿一块砖当锤子用。) 10.at
(1)在(小地方或地理上的一点)
We arrived at the village in the evening.(我们晚上到达了那个小村庄。) The hospital is at the comer of the street.(医院在街道的拐角处。) (2)在(时间的一点,如几点几分)
We got home at noon.(我们于正午到家。)
He usually gets up at six o'clock.(他通常六点钟起床。) (3)在??的旁边
She is sitting at the table.(她正坐在桌子旁。)
Early the next morning he was at his desk again.(第二天一早,他又伏案工作了。) (4)向
Please look at the map on the wall.(请看墙上的地图。) Somebody is knocking at the door.(有人敲门。) (5)对(一般用于表示感情的动词之后)
He was surprised at the changes in his hometown(他对家乡的变化感到吃惊。) The teacher was angry at his behavior.(老师对他的行为很生气。) (6)表示比率、速度、价格等
The train runs at the rate of fifty kilometers an hour. (火车以每小时50公里的速度行驶。) He ran at full speed.(他尽快地跑。) 11.before(与after相反) (1)在??的前面(位置)
He is standing before the door.(他正站在门前。) (2)在??之前(时间)
He went to Canada the year before last.(他前年去了加拿大。) I must get there before three o'clock.(我必须三点钟前到达那里。) 12.behind 在??的后面
There is a ball behind the door.(门后面有个球。) He heard steps behind him.(他听见后面有脚步声。) 13.below 在??的下面,低于(与above相反)
Please sign your name below the line.(请在这条线的下面签字。) The temperature is 5℃ below zero.(气温在零下5摄氏度。) 14.beside 在??的旁边
She is sitting beside her mother. (她正坐在她母亲的旁边。) There is a shop beside the road. (路旁有一个商店。) 15.besides 除??外(还??)
This design has many other advantages besides lower cost.
(这个设计除费用低外,还有许多其他优点。)
Besides English,they study Chinese and history.
(除了学习英语外,他们还学习汉语和历史。) 16.between 在??二者之间
Between the door and the window there is a desk.(在门和窗之间有一张桌子。)
Please come here between 3 0'clock and 4 0'clock. (请在三点到四点之间到这儿来。)
注:如果某人或某物是在两个或两个以上的明显分开的人或物体之间,要用between。如果某人或某物是在一群或一堆人或物体之间,而这些人或物体并不分别看待,要用among。例如: He was standing between Mary and Tom just now. (他刚才正站在玛丽和汤姆之间。)
He was standing among the spectators of the football match. (他正站在足球比赛的观众中。) 17.beyond (1)在那一边
There is a village beyond the hills.(山的那一边有个村庄。) The mill is beyond the river.(磨坊在河的那边。) (2)超出(范围、限度)
It’s quite beyond me.(这个我可干不了。) 18.but 除去
All but one came to the party.(除一个人外大家都参加晚会了。) Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨天晚上我除了修理农具外,没有做其他的事情。) 19.by
(1)被(常用于被动结构,后接动作的执行者) We were deeply moved by his selfless spirit. (我们被他的无私精神深深地感动了。)
This play was written by a college student.(这个剧本是一个大学生写的。) (2)在??的旁边
Come and sit by the fire. (过来坐在火炉旁边。) There is a tree by the door.(门旁有一棵树。) (3)在??之前,不迟于
Can you finish reading the novel by the weekend? (你能在这个周末以前读完这本小说吗?)
She promised to be here by 9 0'clock.(她答应九点以前来到这里。) (4)以??为手段
He succeeded by working hard.(他因工作努力而获得成功。) I go to school by bus.(我乘公共汽车上学。) (5)从旁经过,路过
When I go to school, I pass by a department store. (我上学的时候,要路过一家百货公司。) 20.down 沿?而下(与up相反)
The child fell down the stairs and broke his arm.
We should walk down the hill immediately.(我们应该立刻下山。)
21.during 在??期间
During the night I heard someone shout for help.
(昨天夜里我听见有人呼救。)
He published two novels during the year.(这一年他出版了两部小说。) 22.except除??外
We all went except him.(除他以外,我们都去了。) He goes to play football every day except Sunday. (除星期日以外,他每天都去踢足球。)
注:besides 表示“包括”,而except表示“不包括”。例如: All except Mary went.(除玛丽外都去了。)(表明玛丽没有去)
Besides Mary,many other students went.(除了玛丽外,还有很多其他同学也去了。)(表明玛丽
也去了) 23.for (1)为
What can I do for you?(我能为你做什么吗?)
He usually goes for a walk after supper.(他通常晚饭后去散步。) (2)对??而言
It is impossible for him to buy a large house.(对他来说,买一所大房子是不可能的。) This book is too difficult for a child.(这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。) (3)经历,经过(指时间和距离)
We have been here for about a month.(我们在这儿已经差不多一个月了。) I drove for thirty miles.(我开车走了30英里。) (4)向
Early in the morning he left for the worksite.(他一早就到工地上去了。) Is this the train for Shanghai?(这是开往上海的火车吗?) (5)由于
He was criticized for being late.(他因为迟到而受到批评。) Thank you for your help.(谢谢你的帮助。) (6)给
Here's a letter for you.(这儿有你的一封信。) These apples are for you.(这些苹果是给你的。) (7)交换
I will give you my watch for this book.(我愿用我的手表换这本书。)
My aunt bought a sewing machine for 200 yuan.(我姑妈花200元买了一台缝纫机。) (8)赞成
Are you for the proposal or against it?(对这一建议,你是赞成还是反对?) I'm all for doing the work on our own.(我完全赞成我们自己干这件工作。) (9)对(表示感情、才能等)
Her love for her parents is very great.(她对她父母的爱是很深的。) He has an eye for color.(他有审辨色彩的目力。) (10)虽然,尽管
I stick to my opinion for all that.(尽管如此,我还是坚持我的意见。)
For all your explanations,I understand no better than before.
(尽管你作了解释,我还是不懂。)