Phonological structure音系结构
Which sound units are used and how they are put together
Phonological analysis 音系学分析
Take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results. (minimal pairs
Phonemic contrast
The relation between 2 phonemes when they occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning
Phonological rule 音系规则
a formal way of expressing a systematic phonologicalprocess or sound change in language.
Assimilation
Dissimilation 异化
A process where 2 identical or similar phonemes changes or displaces the other one
Suprasegmental/Phonological features (syllable stress tone intonation Those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments
Syllable structure 音节结构 (divided into rhyme and onset
Componential analysis
A way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
Grammatical construction 语法结构
The process of internal organization of a grammatical unit ( IC analysis
Syntactic construction 句法结构 (endo/exo-centric construction
Syntactic function 句法功能
Shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used
Grammatical rule
By which the grammaticality of a sentence is governed
Grammatical relations
The structural and logical functional relations of constituents Syntactic relations
positional/substitutability/co-occurrence
syntagmatic relation
between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. paradigmatic relation
a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.
immediate constituent analysis:
the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents
Distinctive features:
a term of phonology, i.e. a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. (phonological contrast binary/place features
Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme.
Phoneme: smallest constrastive unit in the sound system of a language Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit
Phonetics: how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received (description&classification Phonology: sound pattern& shape of syllables
Morphology: internal organization of words--minimal meaning unit+word formation processes Syntax: interrelationships between elements in sentence structure (principles of forming&understanding correct English sentences
Semantics: the meaning of linguistic units (how meaning is encoded in a language Pragmatics: use of language in a context (meaning in context
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations
Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a new word
Constative: statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable.
Performative: sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.
In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.
Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured.
The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. + to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship
among linguistic elements.
there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.
Componential analysis
proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is analyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]
A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate.
An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance.
A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context.
The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. For example...
Argument：some entity about which a statement is being made Predicate: some property or relation to the entity
英语语言学 易混淆概念辨析
