both international and domestic salecontracts. As a result, the Incoterms? 2010 rules clearly state in a number ofplaces that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities exists onlywhere applicable.
Two developments have persuaded ICC that amovement in this direction is timely. Firstly, traders commonly use Incoterms rulesfor purely domestic sale contract. The second reason is the greater willingnessin the Unites States to use Incoterm rules in domestic trade rather than theformer Uniform Commercial Code shipment and delivery terms. 3.国内贸易和国际贸易的规定
传统的Incoterms规则只在国际销售合同中运用，此种交易货物运输都需跨越国界。在世界许多地区，商业集团如欧盟使得不同国家间的过关手续不再重要。所以，Incoterms?2010正式认可所有的贸易规则既可以适用于国内交易也可以适用于国际交易。所以，Incoterms?2010 在一些地方明确规定，只有在适当的时候，才有义务遵从进口或者出口的手续。
两个新发展使得ICC相信向这个方向的改革是适宜的。首先，商人们普遍在国内贸易合同使用Incoterms2010规则。其次，比起先前提到的统一的商业规则中的运输和交付术语，在国内贸易中更多美国人愿意使用Incoterms2010中的术语。
4. Guidance Notes
Before each Incoterms? 2010 rule you willfind a Guidance Note. The Guidance Notes explain the fundamentals of eachIncoterms rule, such as when it should be used, when risk passes, and how costsare allocated between seller and buyer. The Guidance Notes are not part of theactual Incoterms? 2010 rules, but are intended to help the user accurately andefficiently steer towards the appropriate Incoterms rule for a particulartransaction. 5. Electronic communication
Previous versions of Incoterms rules havespecified those documents that could be replaced by EDI messages. ArticlesA1/B1 of the Incoterms? 2010 rules, however, now give electronic means ofcommunication the same effect as paper communication, as long as the parties soagree or where customary. This formulation facilitates the evolution of newelectronic procedures throughout the lifetime of the Incoterms? 2010 rules. 4．引言
在Incoterms?2010的每条规则前面，都有一条引言。引言解释每条贸易规则的基本内容，比如说什么时候被运用到，什么时候风险转移，还有费用在卖方和买方间是怎样分配的等等。引言并不是Incoterms?2010的内容，但是它们能帮助使用者更准确更有效率的针对特定的贸易运用合适的贸易条款。 5..电子通信
上一版本的Incoterms规则已经确定了可以被电子数据交换信息替代的文件。然而Incoterms?规则2010中的A1/B1赋予电子通信方式和纸质通讯相同的效果，只要缔约双方同意或存在国际惯例。这一规定有利于促进Incoterms?规则2010中新的电子程序的演进。 6. Insurance cover
The Incoterms? 2010 rules are the firstversion of the Incoterms rules since the version of the Institute Cargo Clausesand take account of alterations made to those clauses. The Incoterms? 2010rules place information duties relating to insurance in articles A3/B3, whichdeal with contracts of carriage and insurance. These provisions have been movedfrom the more generic found in article A10/B10 of the Incoterms 2000 rules. Thelanguage in articles A2/B3 relating to insurance has also been altered with aview to clarifying the parties’ obligations in this regard.
7. Security-related Clearances andinformation required for such clearances
There is heightened concern nowadays aboutsecurity in the movement of goods, requiring verification that the goods do notpose a threat to life or property for reasons other than their inherent nature. 6..保险范围
Incoterms?规则2010是协会货物条款修订以来的最新版国际贸易术语规则，并就对那些条款的变更做了考虑。Incoterms? 规则2010把关系到保险的信息义务规定在A3/B3，这涉及到运输和保险合同。这些条款已经从更为普通的国际贸易术语2000中A10/B10的文章中删除。为了明确缔约双方的义务，条款A2/B3中涉及保险的行文也做了变化。 7. 与安全有关的清关需要的信息
现在人们高度关注货物运输中的安全问题，需要确认货物不会对生命和财产有威胁，除了其自身固有的属性。
Therefore, the Incoterms? 2010 rules haveallocated obligations between the buyer and seller to obtain or to renderassistance in obtaining security-related clearances, such as chain-of-custodyinformation, in articles A2/B2 and A10/B10 of various Incoterms rules. 8. Terminal handling charges
Under Incoterms rules CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF,DAT, DAP, and DDP, the seller must make arrangements for the carriage of thegoods to the agreed destination. While the freight is paid by the seller, it isactually paid for by the buyer as freight costs are normally included by theseller in the total selling price. The carriage costs will sometimes includethe costs of handling and moving the goods within port or container terminalfacilities and the carrier or terminal operator may well charge these costs tothe buyer who receives the goods. In these circumstances, the buyer will wantto avoid paying for the same service twice:
因此，Incoterms?规则 2010已经在买家和卖家间分配了义务，在与安全有关的清关获得或者提供帮助，例如在多种多样的国际贸易术语中A2/B2和A10/B10的监管链相关信息 8. 集装箱码头费
在国际贸易术语CPT，CIP，CIF，DAT，DAP和DDP项下，卖家必须做好安排使货物到达指定目的地。虽然运费是由卖方支付的，但因为运费一般被卖方包含在销售价格中所以实际上运费是由买方支付的。货运费有时包括港口或集装箱码头内的理货和运输费用 承运人和终点站运营方也可能向收到货物的买家收取这笔费用。在这种情况下，买家会想要避免对同一服务重复付费：
once to the seller as part of the totalselling price and once independently to the carrier or the terminal operator.The Incoterms? 2010 rules seek to avoid this happening by clearly allocatingsuch costs in articles A6/B6 of the relevant Incoterms rules.
9. String sales
In the sale of commodities, as opposed tothe sale of manufactured goods, cargo is frequently sold several times duringtransit “down a string” when this happens, a seller in the middle of the stringdon’t have to ship the goods because these have already been shipped by thefirst seller in the string. The seller in the middle of the string thereforeperforms its obligations towards its buyer not by shipping the goods, but by“procuring” goods that have been shipped. For clarification purposes,Incoterms? 2010 rules include the obligation to “procure goods shipped” as analternative to the obligation to ship goods in the relevant Incoterms rules.
一次付给卖家作为销售价格中的一部分，一次单独地付给承运人或者终点站运营方。Incoterms?规则2010在相关国际贸易术解释规则的A6/B6条款明确的分配此项费用，力求
避免重复付费。
9. 连环合同
与工业制成品的销售不同，在农矿产品的销售中，货物经常在沿销售链运转过程中被频繁销售多次。这种情况下，在运输中的卖家不用再运输货物，因为货物已被第一个卖家装船运输了。中途的卖方通过接收货物而非运输货物向买方履行义务。为明确起见，Incoterms? 规则2010在相关规定中把提取已经运输的商品的义务作为运输商品义务的替换。 RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT
Variants of Incoterms rules
Sometimes the parties want to alter anIncoterms rules. The Incoterms 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, butthere are dangers in so doing. In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, theparties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremelyclear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in theIncoterms 2010 rules is altered in the contract, the parties should alsoclearly state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passesfrom seller to buyer.
Status of this introduction
This introduction gives general informationon the use and interpretation of the Incoterms 2010 rules, but does not formpart of those rules.
Explanation of terms used in the Incoterms2010 rules 运输方式的规则
国际贸易术语解释通则的变体
贸易各方有时因各自需要意图修改某一国际贸易术语规则的适用。《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》并不禁止这种修改，但是这样做会带来一定的危险。因此双方都应当在合同中明确表明修改意欲达到的效果以避免不愉快的分歧。譬如，假设合同改变了Incoterms规则中费用的分配，那么合同各方亦应当明确声明是否改变风险（从卖方到买方）转移的临界点。 本导言的功能地位
本导言只是对《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》的用途和解释的概括提示，并不是这些的组成部分。
对《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中术语的解释
As in the incoterms rules, the seller’s andbuyer’s obligations are presented in mirror fashion, reflecting under column Athe seller’s obligations and under column B the buyer’s obligations. Theseobligations can be carried out personally by the seller or the buyer orsometimes, subject to terms in the contract or the applicable law, through intermediariessuch as carriers, freight forwarders or other persons nominated by the selleror the buyer for a specific purpose.
The text of the Incoterms 2010 rules ismeant to be self-explanatory. However, in order to assist users the followingtext sets out guidance as to the sense in which selected terms are usedthroughout the document.
Carrier: For the purposes of the Incoterms2010 rules, the carrier is the party with whom carriage is contracted.
正如《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中所述，买方和卖方的共同义务是以对应方式呈现的，也就是说，既能反映出A栏中的买方义务，又能反映出B栏中的卖方义务。这些义务可以由买方或者卖方亲自履行，有时抑或受制于合同或者适用法律中的个别条款的规定，由诸如承运人、转运代理人等中介组织，或者其他由买方或者卖方为了特定目的而委任的人来履行。 《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》正文中条文解析明了。但出于引导辅助（使用者）理解的考虑，编者还是占用了以下篇幅对从《规则》中选取的几个术语进行阐释。
承运人：出于《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》的目的，承运人是指与托运人订立合同，并承担运输义务的一方。
Customs Formalities: These are requirementsto be met in order to comply with any applicable customs regulations and mayinclude documentary, security, information or physical inspection obligations.
Delivery: This concept has multiplemeanings in trade law and practice, but in the Incoterms 2010 rules, it is usedto indicate where the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from theseller to the buyer.
Delivery document: This phrase is now usedas the heading to article A8. It means a document used to prove that deliveryhas occurred. For many of the Incoterms 2010 rules, the delivery document is atransport document or corresponding electronic record. However, with EXW, FCA,FAS and FOB, the delivery document may simply be a receipt. A delivery documentmay also have other functions, for example as part of the mechanism forpayment.
报关单：是指为了遵守海关条例而需要满足的一些要求，包括了单据、安全、信息或者实体检验之义务。 交货：在商法和商事活动中，这个概念有多种涵义。但是，在《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中，交货用来表明在货物由卖方向买方转移的过程中毁损风险在何处转移。
交货单：此术语现在已成为A8条款的标题。交货单，是用于证明已完成交货的凭证。对于《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中的许多规则，交货单是一种运输单据或相关电子记录。但是对于EXW，FCA，FAS和FOB，交货单只是一种收据。当然，交货单还有其他功能，比如支付程序的一个环节。
Electronic record or procedure: A set ofinformation constituted of one or more electronic messages and, whereapplicable, being functionally equivalent with the corresponding paperdocument.
Packaging: this word is used for differentpurposes:
1. The packaging of the goods to complywith any requirements under the contract of sale. 2. The packaging of the goods so that theyare fit for transportation.
3. The stowage of the packaged goods withina container or other means of transport.
In the Incoterms 2010 rules, packagingmeans both the first and second of the above. The Incoterms 2010 rules do notdeal with the parties’ obligations for stowage within a container and therefore,where relevant, the parties should deal with this in the sale contract. 电子记录或者程序：由一个或多个可适用的电子讯号组成的一组信息库，其功能上等同于相应的纸质文档。
包装：此词因语境不同有不同含义： 1. 符合销售合同要求的货物包装； 2. 符合运输要求的货物包装；
3. 集装箱或其他运输工具中已包装货物的理仓
在《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》中，“包装”一词有以上中的1和2项的含义。Incoterms2010中并不涉及集装箱内货物的理仓义务，当事人应在销售合同中予以确定。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010前言（中英对照版）
