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25.解: 平衡反应 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ? 2SO3(g) 初始时各物质的量/mol 1 1 0
平衡时各物质的量/mol 1?(1?0.615)?2 (1?0.615)?2
=0.23 0.615 =0.77
平衡时物质总量 = (0.23 +0.615 + 0.77 )mol = 1.615 mol
∴K?(873k)?((pSO2pSO3?p2?)P)2?(pO20.772()1.615? = 29.43 0.2320.615)?())(p?1.6151.61532
(pN2)(p?p(NH312pH2p?)26解: (1) K?(T)?p?) (2) K?(T)?(pCO2p?)
(pH2OpH2(3) K?(T)?(pp?)4?(pH2O4?)pH2)4
27.解法一: 根据阿仑尼乌斯公式:lgk1?A?Ea (T1=301k)
2.303RT1Ea (T2=278k)
2.303RT2 lgk2?A? 结合上述两式,得: lgEak111??(?) k22.303RT1T2T1T2k)lg1 …….(1) T2?T1k2k1t2? ……(2) k2t1 改写此式,得Ea??2.303R( 因为,反应速率与变酸时间成反比,因此, 将(2)代入(1),Ea??2.303R(T1T2t301k?278k48h)lg2??2.303?8.315??lg T2?T1t1278k?301k4h = 7.52?104 J?mol?1 = 75.2kJ?mol?1
27.解法二: ∵ k= A e?EaRT
?EaE?a?EaT2?T1k1RT1RT2() ∴ = e = Exp
RT1?T2k2
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又∵反应速率与变酸时间成反比
∴
?Eak1t2278k?301k48h? =?() = 12 = Exp ?1?1k2t1301k?278k4h8.315J?mol?k ∴ Ea = 75.2 kJ?mol?1
28.解: I2 ? 2 I (快) H2 + 2H ? 2HI (慢)
C((I))2 快反应,很快达到平衡,故有: K?(T)=
C?C(I2)C?[I]2 =
[I2] ∴ [I]2 = K?(T)? [I2]
对于分步反应,总的反应速率由较慢的步骤决定,即由第二步反应决定, 即:v = k?[H2]?[I]2 其中[I]2 项可用 [I]2 = K?(T)? [I2] 这一式子代入。 ∴ v = k?[H2]?[I]2 = k?[H2]?(K?(T)? [I2])=(k?K?(T))?[H2]?[I2] = k’?[H2]?[I2]
29.解:v = k?[CO]?[NO2] = 0.50 dm3? mol-1?s?1 ? 0.025 mol?dm?3 ? 0.040 mol?dm?3
= 5.0?10?4 mol ?dm-3?s-1
30.解:(1)?(2)=(3)
∴ K(3) =
?K(?1)K(?2)1.0?10?3 = = 2.0 ?10?10 65.0?10|
第二章 水基分散系 习题 (P68-69)
1.19kg?dm?3?37.5%-3
11.解: (1) 盐酸溶液的量浓度C ==12.23 mol?dm ?136.5g?mol (2) 溶液的质量摩尔浓度m为:
12.23mol?dm?3?1dm3 3?3?1(1dm?1.19kg?dm)?(12.23mol?36.5g?mol)12.23mol12.23mol = = = 16.44 mol?kg-1
(3) 解: (1.19kg?0.446kg)0.744kg按照(2)计算结果,该盐酸溶液中,每kg H2O中含16.44 molHCl,
而1kg H相当于1000g2O18g?mol?1 = 55.56 mol H2O
∴ 该溶液中溶剂H2O与溶质HCl的摩尔总数为: n总 =(55.56 + 16.44 ) mol =72 mol ∴X16.44mol(HCl) =
72mol = 0.23 X55.56mol(H2O) = 72mol = 0.77
1.19kg?dm?3?1dm3或 ?37.56.5g?mol?1 = 12.23 mol 1.19kg?dm?3?1dm3?(1?37.5%)18g?mol?1= 41.32 mol
∴X = 12.23mol41.32mol(HCl)(12.23?41.32)mol = 0.23 X(H2O)= (12.23?41.32)mol = 0.77
1)
60.6g60.0g?100.0g = 37.5%
60.0g46g?mol?12)1.30mol(60.0g?100.0g) = = 10.43 mol?dm
?3 28kg?dm?30.125dm31.3)乙醇的摩尔分数为:
60.0g46g?mol?1(60.0g100.0g = 0.67
46g?mol?1?154g?mol?160.0g4)46g?mol?1100.0g = 13.04 mol? kg?1
12. ( ( ( (
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13.解:设应加入尿素的量为m,
∵ ?P?P*?x (x为溶液中尿素的摩尔分数) ∴ 0.200 kPa = 3.17 kPa ?x ∴ x =
0.200kPa = 0.0631
3.17kPam ∴
60g?mol?118g?mol?1m = 0.0631
60g?mol?1?1000g
(1?0.0631)m63.1g =
60g?mol?118g?mol?1 可得: m = 224.5g
14.解:∵ ?P?P*?x 设该溶质的摩尔质量为M
则 29.30 kPa ? 27.62 kPa = 29.30 kPa ×
M
23g?200gM46g?mol?123g 23gM = 7.308mol27.62
∴ M = 86.93 g?mol?1
15. 解:(1) 相同质量(10g)的情况下:
M(NaCl)= 58.5 M(NH4NO3)=80 M((NH4)2SO4)=132 ∴ 物质的质量摩尔浓度m分别为 0.171mol?kg-1 0.125 mol?kg-1 0.076 mol?kg-1 考虑电离结合实际粒子浓度 m’ 0.342mol?kg-1 0.250 mol?kg-1 0.228 mol?kg-1
?Tf 最多 次之 最小
(2)相同物质量(0.01mol)时的冰点下降顺序:
(NH4)2SO4 > NH4NO3 > NaCl
(3?C) (2?C) (2?C)
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16.解: ∵ 两溶液的凝固点下降相同: ?Tf1= Kf?m1 = Kf?m2 = ?Tf2
1.5g ∴ m1 = m2 即:
60g?mol?1 =
0.2kg21.38g1kgM (M为所求未知物的摩尔质量)
∴ M = 171.04 g?mol?1
17.解: ?Tb= Kb?m
?Tb= 80.960C ? 80.150C = 0.810C = 0.81k
0.324gM 0.004kg ∴ 0.81k = 2.53 k?kg?mol-1 ?
2.53k?kg?mol?1?0.324g 得出溶液中溶解的单质硫的摩尔质量为M = = 253 g?mol-1
0.004kg?0.81k253g?mol?1 ∴ 该单质硫分子中含硫原子数为X = = 8 ?132g?mol
18.解: ?Tf= Kf?m
m 8 k = 1.86 k?kg?mol? ∴ m = 774.2 g
19.解: ?Tf= Kf?m
-1
180g?mol?1
1kg 按题意可得:16k = 6.85 k?kg?mol-1 ?
M
0.20?10?3kg0.014g (M为该有机物的摩尔质量)
0.014g?6.85k?kg?mol?1-1
∴ M = = 29.97 g?mol ?30.20?10kg?16k
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0.804g20.解: ?Tb= Kb?m ∴ 0.455C = 0.455 k = Kb?
0.455k?53.2?10?3kg ∴ Kb = = 3.85 k?kg?mol-1
0.00628mol
0
128g?mol?1 ?353.2?10kg21.解:? =
nRT = cRT V ∴ ? = 0.20 mol?dm-3 ? 8.315 Pa?m3?k-1?mol-1 ? 298k = 4.956?105 Pa 而 ?gh = ? 式中?=1000kg?m-3 为水柱密度,g=9.8 m?s-2 为重力加速度。
?4.956?105Pa ∴ 树汁可被提升的高度:h = = ?3?2??g(1000kg?m)?(9.8m?s)4.956?105m?1?kg?s?2 = = 50.57 m ?2?29800kg?m?s 22.解:(1)? = cRT
0.8g1g(?)?1?1342g?mol = 180g?mol1000g1000g?dm?3 ? 8.315J?mol-1?k-1 ? 298k
= [(0.00444 + 0.00292)mol?dm-3] ?8.315 J?mol-1?k-1 ? 298k = 0.00736 mol?dm-3?8.315 Pa?m3?k-1?mol-1 ? 298k = 18.24 kPa (2) 18.24 kPa =
M ? 8.315J?mol-1?k-1 ? 298k 1?10?3m32g2g?8.315Pa?m3?mol?1?k?1?298k ∴ 化合物的摩尔质量为 M = ?3331?10m?18.24?10Pa = 271.69 g?mol-1
2g
(3) ∴溶液的凝固点下降:?Tf= Kf?m = 1.86 k?kg?mol ?
-1
271.5g?mol?1
1kg = 0.01358 k ? 0.014k
∴ 溶液的实际冰点为Tf = 273 k ? 0.014 k = 272.99 k