2. what 的两种用法。请看以下两个句子：
I didn't know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。 I gave her what she wanted. 我给了她想要的一切。
上面第一句中的 what 表示―什么‖，带有疑问的意味；第二句中的 what 表示―所…的一切事或东西‖，其意义上大致相当于 that (those) which, the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等，又如：
What [=That which] you say is quite true. 你说的完全是事实。 He saves what [= all that] he earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。
Call it what [= anything that]you please. 你喜欢叫它什么就叫它什么。 这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词：
He gave me what money [= all the money that] he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。
What friends [=All the friends that] he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在国外。 3. whatever, whoever, whichever用法说明。主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句： He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。 Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。 I'll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。 Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多，哪个队就赢。
注：其中的 ever 主要用于加强语气，含有―一切‖、―任何‖、―无论‖之义。使用这类词时，注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构：
任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。
误：Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who comes first can get a ticket.
正：Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket. 九、不定代词
1. 不定代词概说。英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every 等，以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在这些不定代词中，多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语，不能作定语，而 no 和 every 则只用作定语。
2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither)，有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every)，注意不要弄混：
Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。 There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。 He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子，都不富有。 He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子，都不富有。
注：each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上，而 every 只用于三者或三者以上，因此用于两者时只能用 each，不能用 every。如不能说 There are trees on every side of the road.
3. 复合不定代词的用法特点。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some)。具体使用时应注意以下几点：
(1) 复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们后面： There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。 Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their：
Everyone knows this, doesn't he [don't they]? 人人都知道这一点，不是吗? If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来，让他等着。
(3) 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语，谓语动词只能用单数，相应的人称代词也只能用 it，而不用 they：
Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了，是吗?
(4) anyone, everyone 等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语，可用 any one, every one (分开写)：
any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本) every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)
4. 是any not 还是 not any。按英语习惯，any 以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时，它只能出现在否定词之后，而不能在否定词之前：
误：Any one doesn't know how to do it.
正：No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。 误：Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.
正：Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了。 误：Anything cannot prevent me from going.
正：Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。
5. 不定代词与部分否定。不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定；若 要表示完全否定，则需换用 none, neither, no one等。比较：
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 All of the students don’t like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。
6. all, both, each 等用作同位语。若用作主语同位语，主语可以是名词或代词；若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语，则宾语等成分必须是人称代词，而不能是名词：
We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all 修饰的主语是代词)
The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all 修饰的主语是名词)
They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all 修饰的宾语是代词) 但不能说：They told the men all to wait there. (all 修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)
7. so little 与 such little的区别。用so little还是such little取决于little的意思：若表示数量方面的―少‖，则用so little；若表示形状体积的―小‖，则用such little：
He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。 I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。
8. some 与 any的用法区别。一般说来，some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用any：
Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗？ Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢？ Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗？ 注：any 有时也用于肯定句中，此时表示―任何‖： Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。
Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。
9. many 与 much的用法区别。两者都表示―许多‖，但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数)，与 few(少数)相对；而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数)，与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中：
Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗? We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。
在肯定句中，一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中；另外，若用作主语或主语的定语，或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修饰，也可用于肯定句中：
Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。 Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。 You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。 Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。 I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。 10. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法区别。
(1) few和a few 后接可数名词的复数形式。few 表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调―少‖，含有否定意义；a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调―有‖，含有肯定意义：
It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难，没有几个人能懂。 It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难，但是有些人懂。 (2) little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词，其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似： Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧，我身上没带什么钱。 Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
11. other, the other, another与others的用法区别：这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分，而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下：
(1) 指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用 the other：
Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。
Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2) 指复数时，若泛指用 other(后接复数名词)，若特指用the other(后接复数名词)： There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。 Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了？
(3) others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于―other+复数名词‖，同样地 the others 大致相当于―the other＋复数名词‖：
Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。 (4) another一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，则也可接复数名词：
We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。 (5) 与 some 对比使用时，用 others(此时与 some 同义)： Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对，有人说不对。
12. 不定代词与语境考题。不定代词是高考的常考考点，有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活，不能死套规则，要注意结合语境来理解：
(1) ―Is ____ here?‖ ―No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.‖ A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody
若只是从表面来看，填空句是个疑问句，可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B，因为下文的答句说―只有Bob和Tim请假了‖，这说明问句是在查人数，故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗？)
(2) I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _____. A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
此句若从表面看，有可能误选B，因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A，因为上文说―我同意他说的大部分内容‖，这与下文的 but I don’t agree with everything(但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。
(3) ―Do you have _____ at home now, Mary?‖ ―No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.‖ A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
答案选C，句意为―玛丽，现在家里东西都准备齐了吗？‖―还没有，我们还要买些水果和茶。‖
(4) ―If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.‖ ―Oh, no. A necklace is not _____ that I need most.
A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything
此题容易误选A，机械地认为：something 用于肯定句，anything 用于否定句或疑问句。但是，此题的最佳答案是B，something 在此的意思不是―某种东西‖，而是指―那种东西‖或―这种东西‖，即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。
十、关系代词
1. 关系代词的用法。主要的关系代词有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人，which, as 只用于指事物，whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。关系代词在定语从句主要用于主语、宾语(可以省略)、表语或定语：
He is the man who [that] lives next door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那个人。 How do you like the photo that [which] I took? 你觉得我拍的这张照片怎么样？ This is the same watch as I lost. 这块表跟我丢失的那块一样。
I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找个能和我谈音乐的人。 She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。
2. that 与 which的用法区别。两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于： (1) 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：
She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。
(2) 直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。 (3) 当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时，通常用that：
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。 All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。 (4) 当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that： This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。 Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。
(5) 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时，通常用that： This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 (6) 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that： China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。 (7) 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。
(8) 当要避免重复时：
Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程？ 3. that与who的用法区别。 (1) 两者均可指人，有时可互换：
All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。 Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。 (2) 但是在下列情况，通常要用 that：
《高中英语语法汇总》
