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Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication Updated February 2006
The following information is available to be viewed/printed in Adobe Acrobat pdf format.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors I. Statement of Purpose
A. About the Uniform Requirements
B. Potential Users of the Uniform Requirements C. How to Use the Uniform Requirements
II. Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research A. Authorship and Contributorship
1. Byline Authors
2. Contributors Listed in Acknowledgements
B. Editorship
1. The Role of the Editor 2. Editorial Freedom
C. Peer Review
D. Conflicts of Interest
1. Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Individual Authors' Commitments
2. Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Project Support
3. Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Commitments of Editors, Journal Staff, or Reviewers
E. Privacy and Confidentiality
1. Patients and Study Participants 2. Authors and Reviewers
F. Protection of Human Subjects and Animals in Research
III. Publishing and Editorial Issues Related to Publication In Biomedical Journals
A. Obligation to Publish Negative Studies
B. Corrections, Retractions, and \ C. Copyright
D. Overlapping Publications
1. Duplicate Submission 2. Redundant Publication
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3. Acceptable Secondary Publication
4. Competing Manuscripts based on the Same Study
a. Differences in Analysis or Interpretation b. Differences in Reported Methods or Results 5. Competing Manuscripts Based on the Same Database
E. Correspondence
F. Supplements, Theme Issues, and Special Series G. Electronic Publishing H. Advertising
I. Medical Journals and the General Media J. Obligation to Register Clinical Trials IV. Manuscript Preparation and Submission
A. Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to Biomedical Journals
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a. General Principles
b. Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs 2. Title page
3. Conflict of Interest Notification Page 4. Abstract and Key Words 5. Introduction 6. Methods
a. Selection and Description of Participants b. Technical Information c. Statistics 7. Results 8. Discussion 9. References
a. General Considerations Related to References b. Reference Style and Format 10. Tables
11. Illustrations (Figures)
12. Legends for Illustrations (Figures) 13. Units of Measurement
14. Abbreviations and Symbols
B. Sending the Manuscript to the Journal V. References
A. Print References Cited in this Document
B. Other Sources of Information Related to Biomedical Journals VI. About the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
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VII. Authors of the Uniform Requirements
VIII. Use, Distribution, and Translation of the Uniform Requirements IX. Inquiries
I. Statement Of Purpose
I. A. About the Uniform Requirements
A small group of editors of general medical journals met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references
developed by the National Library of Medicine, were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which meets annually. The ICMJE gradually has broadened its concerns to include ethical principles related to publication in biomedical journals. The ICJME has produced multiple editions of the Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. Over the years, issues have arisen that go beyond manuscript preparation, resulting in the development of a number of
Separate Statements on editorial policy. The entire Uniform Requirements document was revised in 1997; sections were updated in May 1999 and May 2000. In May 2001, the ICMJE revised the sections related to potential conflict of interest. In 2003, the committee revised and reorganized the entire document and incorporated the Separate Statements into the text. The committee prepared this revision in 2005.
The total content of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals may be reproduced for educational, not-for-profit purposes without regard for copyright; the committee encourages distribution of the material. Journals that agree to use the Uniform Requirements are encouraged to state in their instructions to authors that their requirements are in accordance with the Uniform Requirements and to cite this version. Journals that wish to be listed on
www.ICMJE.org as a publication that follows the Uniform Requirements should contact the ICMJE secretariat office.
The ICMJE is a small working group of general medical journals not an open membership organization. Occasionally, the ICMJE will invite a new member or guest when the committee feels that the new journal or organization will provide a needed perspective that is not already available within the existing committee. Open membership organizations for editors and others in biomedical publication include the
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World Association of Medical Editors www.WAME.org and the Council of Science Editors www.councilofscienceeditors.
I.B. Potential Users of the Uniform Requirements
The ICMJE created the Uniform Requirements primarily to help authors and editors in their mutual task of creating and distributing accurate, clear, easily accessible
reports of biomedical studies. The initial sections address the ethical principles related to the process of evaluating, improving, and publishing manuscripts in biomedical journals and the relationships between editors and authors, peer reviewers, and the media. The latter sections address the more technical aspects of preparing and submitting manuscripts. The ICMJE believes the entire document is relevant to the concerns of both authors and editors.
The Uniform Requirements can provide many other stakeholders—peer reviewers, publishers, the media, patients and their families, and general readers—with useful insights into the biomedical authoring and editing process. I. C. How to Use the Uniform Requirements
The Uniform Requirements state the ethical principles in the conduct and reporting of research and provide recommendations relating to specific elements of editing and writing. These recommendations are based largely on the shared experience of a
moderate number of editors and authors, collected over many years, rather than on the results of methodical, planned investigation that aspires to be “evidence-based.” Wherever possible, recommendations are accompanied by a rationale that justifies them; as such, the document serves an educational purpose.
Authors will find it helpful to follow the recommendations in this document whenever possible because, as described in the explanations, doing so improves the quality and clarity of reporting in manuscripts submitted to any journal, as well as the ease of editing. At the same time, every journal has editorial requirements uniquely suited to its purposes. Authors therefore need to become familiar with the specific instructions to authors published by the journal they have chosen for their manuscript—for example, the topics suitable for that journal, and the types of papers that may be
submitted (for example, original articles, reviews, or case reports)—and should follow those instructions. The Mulford Library at the Medical College of Ohio maintains a useful compendium of instructions to authors.
II. Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of Research II.A Authorship and Contributorship II.A.1. Byline Authors
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An “author” is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive
intellectual contributions to a published study, and biomedical authorship continues to have important academic, social, and financial implications. (1) In the past, readers were rarely provided with information about contributions to studies from those listed as authors and in acknowledgments. (2) Some journals now request and publish
information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted study, at least for original research. Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implement a contributorship policy, as well as a policy on identifying who is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.
While contributorship and guarantorship policies obviously remove much of the
ambiguity surrounding contributions, it leaves unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify for authorship. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has recommended the following criteria for authorship; these criteria are still appropriate for those journals that distinguish authors from other contributors.
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Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to
conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.
When a large, multi-center group has conducted the work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript (3). These individuals should fully meet the criteria for authorship defined above and editors will ask these individuals to complete journal-specific author and conflict of interest disclosure forms. When submitting a group author manuscript, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and should clearly identify all individual authors as well as the group name. Journals will generally list other members of the group in the
acknowledgements. The National Library of Medicine indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscript.
Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, alone, does not justify authorship.
All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed.
Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.
Some journals now also request that one or more authors, referred to as “guarantors,” be identified as the persons who take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article, and publish that information.
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Uniform Requirements医学论文写作格式和要求统一标准
