? 阅读理解
(共75小题 , 75分)
作业与测试 > 测试分析 阅读理解75题，总分值：75分
Directions： Read the following passages carefully. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to each question.
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized (利用) to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or develop resources hitherto (到目前为止) unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations (创新) for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. 1)
What is believed to directly affect the welfare of people according to the passage? A. Varying measures of centralized control B. Economic strength and wealth of the community. C. Economists and operational research experts. D. Help of specialized scientists.
2)
How can the governments do to promote the production?
A. By interfering in different sectors that can promote science and technology to ensure smooth operation
B. By asking the scientists and technologists to improve efficiency. C. By utilizing natural resources to the best advantage.
D. By changing the structure of education to train more scientists. 3)
What can be inferred from the development in mass-communications? A. People are constantly changing their customs and ideas.
B. People always want something new and remarkable to feel better. C. Governments are under greater pressure of bringing about new inventions. D. Governments are often forced to keep up with new customs and ideas. 4)
What has posed pressures and problems for the governments concerned according to the passage?
A. Social changes throughout the world are speeding up compared with the past. B. The rate of social changes in the early industrialized countries is becoming slow now. C. The far-reaching changes in social patterns can be spread over in a developing country within a decade.
D. The normal rate of social changes is taking place at a steady speed. 5)
Why are governments becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists?
A. Because governments need to handle social stresses and problems. B. Because governments want to learn from early industrialized countries.
C. Because governments have to make modern means of transport relatively easy. D. Because governments need them for the industrialization of their own countries. 参考答案：
1) B 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) A 解析： （无） ∧ 收起解析
Why do smokers tend to weigh less than nonsmokers and gain weight when they give up the habit?
Contrary to “common knowledge”, nonsmokers do not generally eat more than smokers, nor do they exercise less, studies find. Research performed on smokers at rest indicates that nicotine (尼古丁) itself can increase basal metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates, meaning smokers burn more energy than nonsmokers during periods of inactivity. But surveys suggest most smokers smoke not while completely at rest, but while performing light activities such as desk work that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
Unless nicotine’s metabolic effects increase proportionally with metabolic rates, its influence on weight might be insignificant.
Now a study shows that nicotine’s effects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase proportionally with increases in activity. “These results indicate that the metabolic effect of nicotine may play a greater part in accounting for body-weight differences between smokers and nonsmokers than was previously believed,” says Kenneth A. Perkins and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
The researchers gave a nicotine nose spray to individuals performing light work — in this case riding an exercise bicycle modified to allow easy riding while subjects remain seated in a comfortable armchair. The activity raised resting metabolic rates two to three times.
By analyzing air breathed out, the researchers calculated energy consumption in the armchair bicyclists before and after giving the nose spray and compared the relative changes with subjects in the control group given placebo (（试验药物用的）无效对照剂) nose sprays. Relative to their baseline bicycle expenditures, individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy than did those in control group while doing the same amount of work. With nicotine, Perkins says, “It’s as if the body is becoming much less efficient in using its stored energy.”
While the results may seem discouraging to smokers who’d like to quit without gaining
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