Manual of Ready-Mixed
Concrete
J.D.DEWARDirector
British Ready Mixed Concrete Association
and
R.ANDERSONProduct Officer
British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries
BLACKIE ACADEMIC & PROFESSIONAL
An Imprint of Chapman & Hall
London · Glasgow · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras
? 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Published by Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman & Hall,Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2NZ, UKChapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK
Blackie Academic & Professional, Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs,Glasgow G64 2NZ, UK
Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc., 115 Fifth Avenue, New York NY10003, USAChapman & Hall Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakawacho NemotoBuilding, 6F, 1–7–11 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Downloaded by [Zhejiang University] at 04:51 11 December 2014 DA Book (Aust.) Pty Ltd, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria,Australia
Chapman & Hall India, R.Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras600 035, India
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.First edition 1988Second edition 1992? 1992 Chapman & Hall
ISBN 0-203-48775-3 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-79599-7 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0 7514 0079 3 (Print Edition) 0 442 30866 3
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study,or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs andPatents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permissionin writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproductiononly in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the CopyrightLicensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licencesissued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside theUK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated hereshould be sent to the publishers at the Glasgow address printed on thispage.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regardto the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannotaccept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions thatmay be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data available
? 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
The first edition of this manual was warmly received as a straightforward andwell-written guide to the technology and practice of the ready-mixed concreteindustry. The industry is constantly changing, not only by a self-driven desireto improve standards and quality, but also in response to the changing needsof the marketplace, and the requirements to adapt to new and revised codes ofpractice.
The manual has been completely updated to take account of changes inBritish Standards—in particular those relating to concrete specification andtesting, and to cements. A particularly important inclusion is the concept of theDesignated Mix, which has been welcomed by the construction industry atlarge as a major improvement to the way of specifying concrete for particularend-uses. Throughout, we have also taken the opportunity to amend and addto the text where we have perceived a need to present information and ideasdifferently. As a result this revised edition is an improvement on the firstedition and should serve the needs of the market equally well.
We have retained the overall structure and format of the successful firstedition and, as before, to enable clear and logical presentation of theinformation, the book is divided into two main sections: Part 1, Technology,and Part 2, Practice. The Technology section provides the background to thetechnical aspects of materials, concrete, control and testing, with the Practicesection dealing with methods of concrete production, specification,construction, and quality assurance.
As before, the book is aimed at a wide readership within the constructionindustry. It is equally relevant to the contracts manager, the site engineer, thebuyer working with a contractor, and will be of considerable value to theconsulting engineer, the architect and the quantity surveyor. It will be aninvaluable handbook for materials suppliers and testhouses and for all whosupply plant, equipment or materials, or who make, sell test or use ready-mixed concrete. Lecturers and researchers in universities and colleges willfind it a useful source of reference.
JDDRA
Downloaded by [Zhejiang University] at 04:51 11 December 2014 ? 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge that many of the principles and methods describedare the distillation of years of experience generated by the many individuals whocollectively make up the ready-mixed concrete industry, its suppliers and its clients.The net result may be taken as a summation of views for which the authors areprivileged to be the selectors and arbiters. Naturally, the authors take responsibility forexpressing the views and the facts and for any omissions or errors.
To minimize the risk of error, Mr B.V.Brown, Senior Technical Executive of ReadyMixed Concrete (United Kingdom) Ltd, kindly read and commented upon the wholeof Part 1, and the authors are particularly grateful to him. On two specializedsubjects—cements and admixtures—thanks are due for expert comments from MrG.F.Masson, National Technical Manager, Blue Circle Industries plc, and Dr P.C.Hewlett, Managing Director, Cementation Research Ltd and visiting professor at theUniversity of Dundee. For providing particular help with recent developments we wishto thank Mr P.M.Barber (QSRMC) and Dr T.A.Harrison (BCA).
The comments and criticism of Mr P.E.D.Howes of ARC Ltd at the drafting stagewere much appreciated by both the authors, and material provided by Mr P.Male, thenof Steetley Quarry Products, Mr D.Bickley, then of Pioneer Concrete (UK) Ltd., andMr P.N.Staples of Tilcon Ltd., provided the basis for much of Part 2.
The following published papers have been used by permission of their authors andpublishers in suitably modified, updated or abbreviated forms: ‘BRMCA Guide:Concrete Mixes, an Introduction to the BRMCA Method of Mix Design’, and‘BRMCA Guide: BRMCA Concrete Control System’ (BRMCA); ‘Monitoring concreteby the CUSUM system’ (B.V.Brown and the Concrete Society); ‘Ready MixedConcrete Mix Design’ (Municipal Engineer); Testing Concrete for Durability(Palladian Publications); ‘Quality Scheme for Ready Mixed Concrete TechnicalRegulations’ (QRSMC); ‘The workability of ready-mixed concrete’ (RILEM).
A number of tables and figures have been adapted from published papers asacknowledged in the references. Particular thanks are due to the following forpermission to reproduce data, tables or figures: Mr F.W.Beaufait; Mr B.V.Brown;Professor R.K.Dhir; Dr A.M.Neville; Mr K.Newman; Mr B.Osbaeck; ProfessorS.Popovics; Mr R.Ryle; Mr R.E.Spears; ACI; BACMI; BRMCA; BSI; BCA; ConcreteInternational; The Concrete Society; Controller of HM Stationery Office; ERMCO;Municipal Engineer; New Civil Engineer; Palladian Publications; Pitman Books Ltd;Pergamon Press Ltd; RILEM; RMC Technical Services Ltd.
Extracts from BS 6089:1981 are reproduced by permission of BSI. Completecopies can be obtained from them at Linford Wood, Milton Keynes MK 14 6LE.Thanks are given to Mr Robert Phillipson, Director General of BACMI, forpermitting the text to be transferred to a BACMI word processor which has made theediting and re-editing of drafts a far simpler task than it would have been otherwise.We also thank the publishers for their support.
Downloaded by [Zhejiang University] at 04:51 11 December 2014 ? 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
PART 1: TECHNOLOGY OF READY-MIXED CONCRETE
Introduction: History of ready-mixed concrete
Downloaded by [Zhejiang University] at 04:51 11 December 2014 1 Materials for concrete
1.1 Aggregates
1.1.1 Maximum aggregate size 1.1.2 Grading 1.1.3 Silt, clay and fine dust 1.1.4 Shape and texture 1.1.5 Water absorption 1.1.6 Relative density 1.1.7 Bulk density, void content and voids ratio 1.1.8 Moisture content 1.1.9 Chloride content 1.1.10 Deleterious materials 1.1.11 Shells 1.1.12 Uniformity 1.1.13 Non-standard aggregates 1.1.14 Making the best use of natural resources 1.1.15 Moisture movement 1.1.16 Lightweight aggregates 1.1.17 Heavyweight aggregates 1.2 Cementitious materials
1.2.1 Grading, mean size and fineness 1.2.2 Relative density 1.2.3 Water demand 1.2.4 Setting times 1.2.5 Strength at 28 days 1.2.6 Ratio of early to 28-day strength 1.2.7 Sulphate resistance 1.2.8 Alkali content 1.2.9 Chloride content 1.2.10 Colour 1.2.11 Ground granulated blastfurnace slag and pulverized-fuel ash 1.3 Admixtures
1.3.1 Accelerators 1.3.2 Retarders 1.3.3 Water-reducers (normal and superplasticizers) 1.3.4 Air entrainment 1.3.5 Superplasticizers 1.3.6 Pigments 1.3.7 Foaming agents 1.4 Other materials
1.4.1 Pfa to BS 3892: Part 2, Grade A 1.4.2 Silica fume (micro-silica) 1.4.3 Fibres 1.5 Water for concrete
? 1992 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Manual of Ready-Mixed Concrete
