The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for
paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States.\that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”
The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.
Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws
out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the stale
Retail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especially
smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement \businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision. 36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will A. Dette business relations with states B. put most online business in a dilemma C. make more online shoppers pay sules tax D. force some sates to ct sales tax
37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions A. have led to the domainance of e-commerce B. have cost consumers a lot over the years C. were widely criticized by online purchase D. were consider unfavorable by states
38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has A. hindered economic development B. brought prosperity to the country C. harmed fair market competition D. Boosted growth in states, revenue
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39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling A. Internet entrepreneurs B. Big- chair owners B. Third-party sellers D. Small retailers
40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author A. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences B. describes the long and complicated process of its making C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them
D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part B Directions.
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your
opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to\argument.
B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by
opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your
argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.
E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: \
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only one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. \common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to
convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.
G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, \neither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
41-42-F-43-44-C-45
Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and beg read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical
literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth, but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been
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quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.
Section III: Writing Part A
Directions:
Suppose you are working for the “aiding Rural Primary School”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET Do not use your own name in the email , use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B Directions:
Write an essay of 160-270 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should:
(1) describe the picture briefly
(2) Interpret the implied meaning, and (3) Give your comments
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET
(20 points)
途中
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英语一参考答案
Section I Use of English Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points) 1. C 2.C 3.B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7.D 8. C 9.A 10.D 11. A 12. B 13.D 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. D 19.B 20. C
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points) Text 1
21. A 22.D 23. B 24. C 25. B
Text 2
26. D 27. A 28. A 29. C 30. B
Text 3
31. C 32. D 33. B 34. A 35. C Text 4
36. C 37.D 38.D 39. B 40. D
Part B Directions.
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to
reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
41. E 42. D 43. G 44. B 45.A
Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
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2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题参考答案
