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2024年新高考英语二轮复习专题08 定语从句讲解(学生版)

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专题8 定语从句

定语从句的用法较为复杂,高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外,还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题,不难发现其考点主要包括:

1.考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如:that,which和where,when的区分; that,which和why的区分等。

2.考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。指物时,whose+名词=名词+ of which = of which+名词。如:

The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.

3.考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which,as引导的非限制性定语从句和it,what引导的主语从句的区分。

4.考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如:

I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.

5.考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which,不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如:

The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students. 同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如:

He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句) 此外,“介词+which +名词”结构,也是一个较为特殊的结构。如: He was very ill, in which case(=and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.

6.考查一些特殊的先行词。如:当situation, point, case, activity,scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时,要注意具体情况具体分析;作主语、宾语和表语时,用关系代词that/which; 作状语时,用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”,表示在某种特定的情形下。

7.考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如:

The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family.(同位语从句) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定语从句) It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)

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It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)

知识点一、定语从句与并列句的区别 请观察下面三个句子:

1.Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, ______ disappointed his mother. 2.Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and ______ disappointed his mother. 3.Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; ______ disappointed his mother.

第一句话:句中有逗号,根据句意可知,空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容,是对前文信息的补充说明,因此,此句是非限制性定语从句,用关系代词which;

第二句话:句中有并列连词and,因此整个句子是一个并列句,所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。 第三句话:句中有分号,这表明整个句子是一个并列句,因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。 【解题技巧】

判断是定语从句还是并列句,要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号,则是并列句;如果是逗号,且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明,则是非限制性定语从句,应该使用关系词。

知识点二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择

“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点,也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子,填上合适的介词,并从中发现一些规律。

1.He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ which he went on to Cambridge. 2.This is the farm ______ which he worked two years ago.

3.In the dark street there was not a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.

第一句话:根据句意可知,他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge,故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。

第二句话:把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”),句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义,即介词跟先行词的搭配。

第三句话:在黑暗的街道上,没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”,因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。

因此,考生在确定其中的介词时,可从以下三方面入手: 1.句子的意思;2.先行词的意义;3.从句中的动词固定搭配。

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【特别提醒】

注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。

先行词是way,当引导词在从句中作状语时,关系词用in which, that或者省略;当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时,用that/which引导(作宾语时,引导词也可以省略)。比较:

The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整:he explained the way to us,可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)

The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整:he explained the sentence in the way,可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)

知识点三、引导词as, which的区别

1.引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句内容时的区别:

(1)表达“正如”之意时,用as,如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意,则用which。 He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。 She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be. 她是一个很出色的医生,和她母亲当年一样。 (2)当从句位于主句前面时,只用as。

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

2.限制性定语从句中有such, the same时,其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that,但意义不一样)。

He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. 他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。 This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。

3.as引导非限制性定语从句时,只能指代整个主句内容,而which既可以指代整个主句内容,又可以指代先行词。

The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

4.as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用,也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。

He was absent from school, as is often the case.

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他缺课了,这是常事。 知识点四、分隔定语从句

一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词,可是有的时候,先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容,这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了,这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意:不要误把插入部分当先行词。

I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office) 知识点五、关系代词和关系副词的区别

当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时,引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语,则用why, when或where,否则用that或which),考生可以采用“补全法”,即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分),这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。

1.Do you still remember the chicken farm ______ we visited three months ago?

分析:把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”,考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语,因此填关系代词that/which。

2.In an hour, we can travel to places ______ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.

分析:把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”,考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语,因此填关系代词that/which。

3.Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs.

分析:把从句补充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”,据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语,因此用where/in(at) which。

【解题技巧】

遇到时间和地点,判断成分是关键;主语、宾语用关代,状语才能用关副。(关代:关系代词;关副:关系副词)

在考查定语从句时,有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时,考生可以将其忽略,从而排除干扰。

—Is that the small town you often refer to?

—Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.

分析:空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语,解题时可以将其忽略,简化句子结构:just the one ______ I used to work for years,这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where。

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【特别探究】

表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后,考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语,如:period, ten years ago, the street, the museum,而是已经模糊化的词语,如:activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义,并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。

【特别提醒】

point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导,只有当引导词在从句中作状语时,才用关系副词where,否则用关系代词。

知识点六、定语从句用法的其他要点

(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略

(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致

当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。

1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形式动词。如:

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。

2.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形式动词。如:

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。

Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在这些精彩的电影中,《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。

3.当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which作主语,则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如:

Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. 众所周知,中国发生了巨大的变化。

He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy. 他通过了高考,这让他父母很高兴。 4.其他情况。如:

I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you. 我作为你的老师,会尽全力帮助你的。

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(三)注意way和time后接的定语从句的情况

1.当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”)时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如: What surprised me was not what he said but the way

he said it.

最让我吃惊的不是他的话,而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较:

The way he explained to us was quite simple.

他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。

The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.

他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。

2.先行词是time时, 若time作“次数”讲时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。如:

This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家。

This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 曾经有一个时期,没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视。

高频考点一、考查关系代词引导的定语从句

例1. (2024·北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit. A.which

B.who

C.as D.that

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【举一反三】(2024·天津卷)Kate, ________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

A.whom C.whose

B.that D.her

(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of________purposes is to 【变式探究】relieve worldwide starvation.

A.which C.whose

B.its D.whom

【变式探究】I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. A.whose B.why C.where

D.which

高频考点二、考查关系副词引导的定语从句

例2. (2024·江苏卷)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. A.which B.what C.when

D.that

【举一反三】(2024·江苏卷)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.

A.which B.what C.when

D.that

【变式探究】(2024·江苏卷)Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

A.that B.where C.which D.when

【变式探究】(2024·江苏卷)Self-driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

A.that B.where C.which

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D.when

【举一反三】The old couple will never forget the days ________ they made a living by picking up rubbish on the street.

A.where C.which

B.when D.as

高频考点三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

例3.Many young people, most ________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

A.of which B.of them C.of whom D.of those

【举一反三】He wrote many children’s books,nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s. A.whom C.them

B.which D.that

【变式探究】Creating an atmosphere ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. A.as B.whose C.in which D.at which

用where或“介词+which”引导,根据与先行词an atmosphere的搭配可判断介词用in,故选C项。 【举一反三】She produced another new record in 2017, ________ she celebrated her 38th birthday. A.at which B.in that C.with which

D.about that

sized class, ________ came from the same mountain

【变式探究】There were twenty students in this smallvillage.

A.most of whom

B.most of them

C.most of which D.most of that 高频考点四 特殊定语从句

I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,________ my classmates recommended 例4.to me.

A.who B.which C.when

D.where

【举一反三】We’ll reach the sales targets in a month ________we set at the beginning of the year.

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A.which C.when

B.where D.what

【变式探究】Recently I have bought an iPad on the website of Taobao.com,________the price is very reasonable.

A.on which B.in which C.of which D.from which

1. (2024·江苏卷)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. A.which B.what C.when

D.that

2.(2024·江苏卷)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true. A.which B.what C.when

D.that

1.【2024·天津】Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

A. whom B. that C. whose D. her

2.【2024·江苏】Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. A. that B. where C. which D. when

3.【2024·北京】She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. A. which B. who C. as D. that

1.(2017·北京)The little problems ______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. A. that B. as C. where D. when

2.(2017江苏)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_____purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A.which B.it’s C.whose D.whom

3.(2017·江苏卷·单项填空)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

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A. which B. its C. whose D. whom

4.【2017·江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom

5.(2017·江苏卷) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A. which B. its C. whose D. whom

6. (2017·江苏卷·单项填空)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A. which B. its C. whose D. whom

7.(2017·江苏卷) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A. which B. its C. whose D. whom

8.【2017·江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A. which B. it’s C. whose D. whom

9.(2017·江苏)28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of_____purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A.which B.it’s C.whose D.whom

10. (2017·江苏) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

A. which B. its C. whose D. whom

11.My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. A. that B. whose C. his D. who

1.【2016·北京】22. I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. A. whose

B. why

C. where

D. which

2.【2016·江苏】23.Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.

A. of which

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B. of them C. of whom D. of those

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3.【2016·天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when

4.【2016·浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.

A. whom B. which C. what D. that

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以下内容为:高中英语到底怎么学?

开学伊始,对于所有的同学来说,都是新的开始,新学期到底该如何学好英语? 这是很多同学高中三年都一直追问的问题。看了那么多英语学渣变身学霸的逆袭故事,为什么还是学不好英语?我只能说:愿望是好的,行动是关键!今天,一位高考英语137分的学姐和大家分享高中三年英语到底该怎么学,希望你不只是看一看,唯有行动才能结出硕果!

进入高中的第一天起,你的人生就开始了一个崭新的阶段。高中三年,你要为你的将来打拼,你要知道,能够对自己人生负责的只有自己。不要想着刚刚开学,一切都不着急,高中的每一天都不能懈怠,因为别人一直在进步,你停滞不前就是退步。更不要觉得初中底子好,短期内吃吃老本儿没关系,久而久之,你就会为你的懒惰和厌恶改变埋单。英语学习也是这样,你要做好改变的准备,改变以前初中时的英语学习方法,你要做好打一场持久战的心理准备。如果你是高二、高三的同学,以上说的这些同样适用。

单词方面,大家都知道,初中英语1600词,高中英语3500词,这只是量的比较。从单词长度和用法来讲,高中英语远远难于初中。没有一定的词汇量,英语水平和成绩的提高便无从谈起。所以,你要制定一套不同于初中的记单词方法。下面推荐一套完整的高中英语记单词方法:

1. 买一本课本同步参考资料。

课本上的单词不仅要记住,其固定搭配、句型和用法也非常非常非常重要,而这些你都可以在参考资料上找到。

2. 准备一个单词笔记本。

把课本同步资料上的重点单词、短语、句型及其用法用心摘抄到笔记本上,一周至少复习三次。

3. 买一本3500词。

没错,高一开始就可以刷3500词了,你可以利用零碎时间看和记。这样做的好处是,到高考前夕,一本3500词你至少应该可以翻个七八遍了,相对于那些一遍都没翻过的同学,你领先的可不是一点点哦!

4. 保存做过的每一篇完形和阅读。

这样做的目的是,要定期翻看上面的生词注释,避免遗忘。前提是,做完每一篇之后你要把生词查出来标注在相应位置。我不建议把文章中的生词摘抄到笔记本上,脱离语境的记忆印象不深刻、记忆不持久、用法不清晰。

5. 看名著简写本。

阅读英语名著,可以增加词汇量、提高阅读能力、了解英语本土文化、滋养身心……真是好处多多啊!给大家推荐书虫和床头灯系列,大家可以根据自己的英语水平选择读哪些。书虫系列分年级,床头灯系列分字数,价钱都不贵,书店和网上都可以买到。

6. 背新概念2和新概念3。

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适合高中生英语水平的新概念大概就是这2册了。头天晚上把要背的文章理顺,生词解决掉,结构划分出来(有利于背诵),第二天早上早起半小时在户外找个相对安静的地方,大声朗读并背诵。背诵最多不超多20篇,不仅词汇量有增加,听说、阅读和写作都会有很大提升,这一点我自己深有体会。

语法学习较之单词积累要相对容易一些,只要肯下功夫钻研,短期内都会有比较大的进步。我们来看看高中英语到底都学哪些语法内容:动词时态和语态;非谓语动词;定语从句;名词性从句;并列句;状语从句;情态动词;虚拟语气;介词;特殊句式。总共也就10个语法专题。根据我多年学习语法的经验,给大家几点建议:

1. 高一、高二时,课本单元语法必须掌握。

这样做的好处是,可以成功应对月考、期中考、期末考等各种零碎考试。因为高一高二的英语考试考查的都是阶段性学习内容,平时的考试成绩对提升大家自信心可是很重要的,千万不能忽视哦!之前在单词记忆建议部分和大家说到要买一本课本同步参考书,里面就有课本各单元的语法讲解和练习。

2. 高三的同学,复习语法时一定要按专题复习。

你可以买一本高考语法书,比如《5年高考3年模拟》,重点看里面的知识点和解题方法讲解,然后做后面的真题和模拟题,一本下来,高考英语语法相对完整的知识结构你就差不多搭建好了。如果你有更喜欢的辅导资料也可以。

3. 语法是小白的同学,先学会初中语法再学高中的。

语法小白的同学主要是初中英语没好好学、或者是刚刚学语法时没有入门导致后面怎么学也学不懂最后干脆自暴自弃了。到了高中,如果还不好好学的话,一般也就20——60分的水平,甚至更低。如果想越过初中语法直接学高中的,几乎是不可能的,所以,这时候,要有耐心,还是先把初中的好好学一遍再来学高中的吧!

在英语学习中,有句话叫做“得阅读者得天下”。那么,怎样才能“得阅读”呢。“得阅读”要满足三个条件:单词量过关;语法过硬;解题方法独到。听上去似乎很难,其实这是一个慢慢积累和领悟的过程。

单词的积累和语法的学习前面已经讲过,就不再啰嗦了。下面我只说一下答题步骤和解题方法。 1. 答题步骤

一定一定一定要先看题干,注意,不要看选项,避免把选项内容和文章内容相混淆。划出题干中的关键词,主要是专有名词、时间、地点等,目的是等会儿读文章时容易锁定答题区间。之后再看文章。最后是边看文章边锁定答题区间,分析答题区间的内容进行答题。简单来说就是:看题干,划关键词——读文章,锁定答题区间——分析答题区间内容,答题。

2. 解题方法

我的解题方法很简易,就是根据题型解析。事实细节题,直接在文中的答题期间寻找和分析答案;推

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理判断题,不能选已知内容,要选未知内容,并且只能是做出一步推理;词义猜测题,根据本句或上下句分析一下就可以了;主旨大意题,这种题型我都是留在最后做,因为答完前面的题文章基本就看完了,大概内容已经知道,此时再归纳总结就很容易了。

以上说的这些都是我自己的经验积累,还是那句话,一定要做,做了,你才知道适不适合你,甚至会有新的更好的发现。

我之前在一篇文章里说过,阅读好的人完形一定不会差。如果文章大意都读不懂,完形填空更无从谈起了。所以,如果你阅读和完形都不好,还是先把阅读练好再练完形吧!关于完形填空的答题步骤和解题方法我也说一下:

1. 答题步骤:先浏览一遍文章大意,再做题,最后检查。 2. 解题方法:其实就是一句话,根据上下文解题。 写作是体现英语综合水平的一个题目。

如果你词汇和语法都很好,但25分的英语写作怎么也上不了20分。我觉得这是你缺乏写作思路导致的。解决方法就是多看历年真题和模拟题中的优秀范文,模仿人家的写作思路,自己写几篇,慢慢就会形成自己的思路,久而久之,甚至会对于英语写作有自己独到的见解。

如果你的英语基础薄弱,词汇和语法都不过关,想提高英语写作就有些难度了,需要你付出更多的努力。一方面,要在词汇积累和语法学习上有所突破;另一方面,也要针对英语写作做出针对性努力。关于英语写作,你可以准备一个作文本。每天看两篇历年真题和模拟题上的优秀范文,把里面的生词全部标注出来,好的短语句型也用红笔划出来, 多读两遍范文,好词好句争取记在脑子里,等用心读的遍数多了,基本要背下来的时候,试着在笔记本上默写出这篇范文。每天两篇,坚持一个月就会有大进步。

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2024年新高考英语二轮复习专题08 定语从句讲解(学生版)

精品资源·备战高考专题8定语从句定语从句的用法较为复杂,高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外,还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题,不难发现其考点主要包括:1.考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如:that,which和where,when的区分;that,which和why的区分等。2.考
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