旗开得胜 1、正常心脏(normal heart) 要点(main points):
①心肌细胞（myocardial cell）
心肌细胞核居中，平行排列（the central nuclei and the syncytial arrangement of the fibers）
②闰盘（intercalated disks）
心肌的纵切面可见色深、粗线状的闰盘结构（pale pink intercalated disks）诊断(diagnosis):
2、心肌萎缩(Myocardial atrophy) 要点(main points):
①心肌细胞萎缩（Atrophy of myocardial cell） 心肌纤维的纤细，心肌核细长，为心肌萎缩；心肌组织内间质增多。Shrinkage in the size of myocardial cells which reveal narrow and long cellular body and nucleoli in their morphology. ②脂褐素(lipofuscin)
高倍镜下：萎缩心肌细胞两端附近有小堆黄褐色颗粒状色素，它是萎缩细胞胞浆内的细胞器大量退化、部分未能被溶酶体酶降解，形成的残体积聚，即脂褐素。In both ends of myocardial cells, insoluble, brownish-yellow granular intracellular material could be found, so called “wear-and tear pigment”
3、皮肤肉芽组织Granulation tissue of the skin 要点(main points):
由新生的毛细血管和增生的纤维母细胞构成的疏松结缔组织，伴有炎细胞的浸润。（Highly vascularized loose connective tissue with newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts, and interspersed inflammatory cells ）
1
读万卷书 行万里路
旗开得胜 4、胃粘膜上皮肠化(intestinal metaplasia) 要点(main points):
肠上皮化生（intestinal metaplasia） 胃粘膜上皮的细胞被肠上皮细胞取代，出现杯状细胞、潘氏细胞、肠吸收细胞(Gastric epithelium is replaced by intestine-type epithelium(globet cells, paneth cells and absorptive cells)
5、脾梗死(infarction of spleen) 要点(main points):
①梗死灶（infarct） 梗死灶一片红染，组织结构轮廓尚存，尖端指向脾门,梗死灶边缘见充血出血带.（red in infarct by a narrow rim of hyperemia, the outline of the tissue structure may persist for weeks，the tip point to the gate of spleen.）
②梗死灶淋巴细胞（lymphocytes in infarct） 梗死灶细胞核消失，甚至无细胞结构（the nuclear changes in infarct appear in three patterns: pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis, or no cell structure.）
6、淋巴结干酪样坏死( Lymph node caseous necrosis) 要点(main points):
淋巴结中部大片坏死，结构难辨。边缘部残存的淋巴组织与坏死组织交界外依稀可见淋巴组织。中部为大片无定性结构，是典型的干酪样坏死病理特点。Large piece of necrosis could be seen in the center of lymph note. The necrotic focus is composed of structureless, amorphous granular debris normally enclosed within a distinctive ring of granulomatous inflammation.
7、慢性肺淤血（Chronic pulmonary congestion） 要点(main points):
1
读万卷书 行万里路
旗开得胜 ①肺泡腔(alveoli) 肺泡腔有淡红染水肿液和心衰细胞(red edema fluid and heart failure cells in alveoli); 肺泡腔的巨噬细胞内有含铁血黄素沉积形成心衰细胞(Hemosiderin-laden in macrophages appear in alveoli.)
②肺泡间隔(alveolar septa) 肺泡壁毛细血管扩张，充满红细胞，壁变厚，纤维化(Alveolar capillaries engorged with blood, the septa become thickened and fibrotic.)
8、慢性肝淤血(chronic hepatic congestion) 要点(main points): ①肝细胞（hepatocytes）
肝细胞萎缩，部分肝细胞脂肪变（hepatocytes showed atrophic and fatty change） ②肝窦(sinusoid)
肝窦扩张，充满红细胞(sinusoid dilated and filled with red blood cell) ③中央静脉（central vein）
中央静脉扩张（central vein dilated）
9、急性肺水肿(acute pulmonary edema) 要点(main points):
①肺泡壁（alveolar septa）
肺泡壁增宽，其中小血管扩张充血(alveolar septa widened and the small vessels dilated and filled with red blood cells) ②肺泡腔(alveolar space)
肺泡内充满粉红色水肿液(alveolar space filled with pink edema fluid)
10、混合血栓( mixed thrombus) 要点(main points):
1
读万卷书 行万里路
比较人体形态学 形态切片资料参考
