华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案

华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案

华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案

Passage 1

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civil

rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their

efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work

subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for

joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and

minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large

corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more

established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success. 1

1. The primary purpose of the text is to

[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.

[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to

[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.

[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.

3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following

statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?

[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.

[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.

[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.

[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible

4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one

disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have

[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy. [B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.

[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.

[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.

5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should

[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】 concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.

[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the 2