专题8 定语从句
定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：
1．考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如：that，which和where，when的区分； that，which和why的区分等。
2．考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose＋名词＝名词＋ of which ＝ of which＋名词。如：
The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.
3．考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。
4．考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
5．考查“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：
The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students. 同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如：
He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句) 此外，“介词＋which ＋名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。如： He was very ill, in which case(＝and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.
6．考查一些特殊的先行词。如：当situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析；作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which; 作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词＋which”，表示在某种特定的情形下。
7．考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如：
The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family.(同位语从句) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定语从句) It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)
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It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)
知识点一、定语从句与并列句的区别 请观察下面三个句子：
1．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, ______ disappointed his mother. 2．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and ______ disappointed his mother. 3．Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; ______ disappointed his mother.
第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；
第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。 第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。 【解题技巧】
判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。
知识点二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。
1．He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ which he went on to Cambridge. 2．This is the farm ______ which he worked two years ago.
3．In the dark street there was not a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.
第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。
第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。
第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。
因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手： 1．句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。
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【特别提醒】
注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。
先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用in which, that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：
The way(that/which) he explained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)
The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)
知识点三、引导词as, which的区别
1．引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：
(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。 He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。 She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be. 她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。 (2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
2．限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。
He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. 他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。 This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。
3．as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
4．as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。
He was absent from school, as is often the case.
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他缺课了，这是常事。 知识点四、分隔定语从句
一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词，可是有的时候，先行词与定语从句之间插入了另外一些内容，这样就把先行词与定语从句分隔开了，这类定语从句叫分隔定语从句。这类句子应特别注意：不要误把插入部分当先行词。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.(先行词是person而不是office) 知识点五、关系代词和关系副词的区别
当先行词为表示时间、地点的词时，引导词用关系代词还是关系副词是定语从句学习中的一个难点。要确定引导词在从句中所作的成分(如果引导词在从句中作状语，则用why, when或where，否则用that或which)，考生可以采用“补全法”，即依据句意把从句补充完整(补上去的部分在从句中所作的成分就是引导词在从句中所作的成分)，这样就可以很容易地判断出引导词在从句中所作的成分。
1．Do you still remember the chicken farm ______ we visited three months ago?
分析：把从句补充完整为“we visited the chicken farm three months ago”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作宾语，因此填关系代词that/which。
2．In an hour, we can travel to places ______ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
分析：把从句补充完整为“the places would have taken our ancestors days to reach”，考生据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作主语，因此填关系代词that/which。
3．Some pre－school children go to a day care center, ______ they learn simple games and songs.
分析：把从句补充完整为“in (at) the day care center they learn simple games and songs”，据此可以判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，因此用where/in(at) which。
【解题技巧】
遇到时间和地点，判断成分是关键；主语、宾语用关代，状语才能用关副。(关代：关系代词；关副：关系副词)
在考查定语从句时，有时命题人故意在空格处设置一些插入语等干扰信息迷惑考生。解题时，考生可以将其忽略，从而排除干扰。
—Is that the small town you often refer to?
—Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
分析：空白处应填where。此题很容易受you know的影响而误填关系代词。其实you know是插入语，解题时可以将其忽略，简化句子结构：just the one ______ I used to work for years，这样考生就很容易判断出引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
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【特别探究】
表示时间、地点的先行词的模糊化。研究高考试题后，考生会发现近几年高考试题中表示时间、地点的先行词有些已经不是一个明显的表示时间、地点的词语，如：period, ten years ago, the street, the museum，而是已经模糊化的词语，如：activity, business, occasion, point, case等。解题时考生要弄清这些词汇在句中的意义，并结合其在从句中所作的成分选用恰当的引导词。
【特别提醒】
point, situation, case后的定语从句的引导词并非总是由where来引导，只有当引导词在从句中作状语时，才用关系副词where，否则用关系代词。
知识点六、定语从句用法的其他要点
(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略
(二)定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致
当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。
1．one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋复数形式动词。如：
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。
2．the only one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋单数形式动词。如：
The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。
Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在这些精彩的电影中，《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。
3．当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. 众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。
He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy. 他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。 4．其他情况。如：
I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you. 我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。
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2024年高考英语二轮复习考点学与练专题08 定语从句(讲)
