Paul+Ekman+微表情论文汇总(说谎+谎言之作者)

1. Interaction of set and awareness as determinants of response to verbal

conditioning.

Ekman, Paul; Krasner, Leonard; Ullmann, Leonard P.; The Journal of Abnormal and

Social Psychology, Vol 66(4), Apr 1963. pp. 387-389.

The utility of an operant conditioning model to psychotherapy was evaluated by studying the definition of the situation given S and S's focus on E's behavior. Instructions induced either a positive or negative set, identifying a story telling task as a test of empathy or personal problems. Awareness was induced in ½ of the Ss by calling attention to E's reinforcement \students served as Ss in each of the 4 experimental groups. Positive set-Aware Ss increased use of emotional words, while Negative set-Aware Ss decreased use of emotional words. The results were interpreted as evidence that awareness can either

facilitate or inhibit conditioning, depending upon S's set. (26 ref.)

abn-66-4-387.pdf (261.61 KB)

2. Body position, facial expression, and verbal behavior during interviews. Ekman, Paul; The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 68(3), Mar 1964.

pp. 295-301.

The communicative value of body position and facial expression was evaluated by measuring an O's ability to detect a relationship between nonverbal and verbal behavior which had been simultaneously emitted. The verbal and nonverbal stimuli were collected during 2 different standardized stress interviews. Judges (Js) were shown pairs of photographs together with short written speech samples and required on each trial to pick the photograph which matched the verbal behavior. In 4 separate experiments with different groups of Js, accurate judgments were obtained. Evidence for a relationship between nonverbal and verbal behavior simultaneously emitted was replicated across 2 different samples of interview behavior and under 3 cue

conditions--seeing the head, body, or whole person.

abn-68-3-295.pdf (629.59 KB)

3. A tool for the analysis of motion picture film or video tape.

Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; American Psychologist, Vol 24(3), Mar 1969. pp.

240-243.

Describes the Visual Information Display and Retrieval (VID-R) system, designed for the analysis of visual records, archiving, and visual displays in programed instruction. The necessities for permanent visual records are reviewed. Employment of VID-R functions of (a) viewing speed, (b) search and retrieval, (c) temporal reorganization (editing), and (d) presentation of a visual dictionary is explained. Components \maximum flexibility in logic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights

reserved)

amp-24-3-240.pdf (397.51 KB)

4. Who can catch a liar?

Ekman, Paul; O'Sullivan, Maureen; American Psychologist, Vol 46(9), Sep 1991. pp.

913-920.

The ability to detect lying was evaluated in 509 people including law-enforcement personnel, such as members of the US Secret Service, Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, Drug Enforcement Agency, California police and judges, as well as psychiatrists, college students, and working adults. A videotape showed 10 people who were either lying or telling the truth in describing their feelings. Only the Secret Service performed better than chance, and they were significantly more accurate than all of the other groups. When occupational group was disregarded, it was found that those who were accurate apparently used different behavioral clues and had different skills than those who

were inaccurate.

amp-46-9-913.pdf (759.72 KB)

5. Facial expression and emotion.

Ekman, Paul; American Psychologist, Vol 48(4), Apr 1993. pp. 384-392. Cross-cultural research on facial expression and the developments of methods to measure facial expression are briefly summarized. What has been learned about emotion from this work on the face is then elucidated. Four questions about facial expression and emotion are discussed: What information does an expression typically convey? Can there be emotion without facial expression? Can there be a facial expression of emotion without emotion? How do individuals differ in their facial expressions of emotion? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

amp-48-4-384.rar (2.09 MB)

6. Who is misleading whom? A reply to Nickerson and Hammond.

Ekman, Paul; O'Sullivan, Maureen; American Psychologist, Vol 48(9), Sep 1993. pp.

989-990.

Responds to comments by C. A. Nickerson and K. R. Hammond (see record 1993-45213-001) on the P. Ekman and M. O'Sullivan (see record 1992-05387-001) study of lie detection. Ekman and O'Sullivan contend that the conclusions of their study are still valid and note that Nickerson and Hammond merely challenged their use of descriptive statistics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved)

amp-48-9-989-b.pdf (230.58 KB)

7. Richard Stanley Lazarus (1922-2002).

Ekman, Paul; Campos, Joseph; American Psychologist, Vol 58(9), Sep 2003. pp.

756-757.

Obituary for Richard Stanley Lazarus, 1922-2002. Lazarus' work in the field of stress, stress appraisals, and coping is described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)

2008 APA, all rights reserved)

amp-58-9-756.pdf (182.6 KB)

8. Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's

mistaken critique.

Ekman, Paul; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 115(2), Mar 1994. pp. 268-287. J. A. Russell (see record 1994-20274-001) misrepresents what universality means, misinterprets the evidence from past studies, and fails to consider or report findings that disagree with his position. New data are introduced that decisively answer the central question that Russell raises about the use of a forced-choice format in many of the past studies. This article shows that Russell's many other qualms about other aspects of the design of the studies of literate cultures have no merit. Russell's critique of the preliterate cultures is inaccurate; he does not fully disclose what those who studied preliterate Ss did or what they concluded that they had found. Taking account of all of Russell's qualms, P. Ekman's analysis shows that the evidence from both literate and preliterate cultures is overwhelming

in support of universals in facial expressions.

bul-115-2-268.rar (2.38 MB)

9. Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia

in men with coronary artery disease.

Rosenberg, Erika L.; Ekman, Paul; Jiang, Wei; Babyak, Michael; Coleman, R. Edward; Hanson, Michael; O'Connor, Christopher; Waugh, Robert; Blumenthal, James A.;

Emotion, Vol 1(2), Jun 2001. pp. 107-115.

The authors examined whether facial expressions of emotion would predict changes in heart function. One hundred fifteen male patients with coronary artery disease underwent the Type A Structured Interview, during which time measures of transient myocardial ischemia (wall motion abnormality and left ventricular ejection fraction) were obtained. Facial behavior exhibited during the ischemia measurement period was videotaped and later coded by using the Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978). Those participants who exhibited ischemia showed

significantly more anger expressions and nonenjoyment smiles than nonischemics. Cook-Medley Hostility scores did not vary with ischemic status. The findings have implications for understanding how anger and hostility differentially influence

coronary heart disease risk.

emo-1-2-107.pdf (829.2 KB)

10. Facial expression and the affective component of cynical hostility in male

coronary heart disease patients.

Rosenberg, Erika L.; Ekman, Paul; Blumenthal, James A.; Health Psychology, Vol

17(4), Jul 1998. pp. 376-380.

This study describes the affective component of hostility as measured by the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho W. Cook & D. Medley, 1954) by examining the relationship between facial expressions of emotion and Ho scores in 116 male coronary heart disease patients. Patients underwent the videotaped Type A Structured Interview, from which facial expressions were later coded using the Facial Action Coding System. They also completed the Cook-Medley Ho scale. Facial expression of the emotion of contempt was significantly related to Ho scores; anger expression was not. Also, there was a significant interaction between hostility

and defensiveness, wherein low-defensive, highly hostile people showed substantially more contempt expression than others. The implications of these findings for the construct validity of Ho and for identifying clinically important

subtypes of hostility are discussed.

hea-17-4-376.pdf (818.06 KB)

11. Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age.

Levenson, Robert W.; Carstensen, Laura L.; Friesen, Wallace V.; Ekman, Paul;

Psychology and Aging, Vol 6(1), Mar 1991. pp. 28-35.

Emotion-specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was studied in 20 elderly people (age 71-83 yrs) who followed muscle-by-muscle instructions for constructing facial prototypes of emotional expressions and relived past emotional experiences.