1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIES
Common/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系 - case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal system Continental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family大陆法系 - civilian legal system- civil-law system
2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法
3、substantive Law（实体法）VS procedural Law（程序法） 4、case law（案例法） vs. statutory law（成文法）
statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成文法
5、adversary trial system（对抗制） vs. inquisitorial system （纠问制） 6、jury trial system陪审团制度
7、The reports of the United States Supreme Court联邦最高法院判例汇编 The reports of some States州法院判例汇编 8、legal cases法律案例
9、private law and / vs. public law
10、the statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law （其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注：即先例)进行的有约束力的解释） 11、Common law (in narrow sense): - common general law - local law - itinerant judges of the English royal court - enforcement of a claim - special form of action: writ - classical Roman law - Provisions of Oxford (1258)牛津条例 - “writ upon the case”本案令状 12、enforcement 强制执行；claim 请求；action 诉讼行为；writ 法院令状； recourse 追索权；追索，追偿 13、Equity law衡平法
- “ equity ”——doing equity - chancellor - relief 救济 - judiciary
- Court of Chancery （衡平法院）and / vs. ordinary common law courts -maxim
- fixed, inflexible
- equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)
- In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail. 14、award
compensatory, compensate damages
specific performance特定履行|实际履行 injunction强制令
real/immoveable property（不动产） and / vs. personal/moveable property （动产） 15、 common law remedy/relief:普通法救济 - (compensatory) damages金钱赔偿
16、 equity/equitable remedies/relief:衡平法救济 - injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act)强制令 - specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the agreement) - restitution 17、judicial
express （明示）vs. implied （默示） provision, provide
jurisdiction 管辖区域,法域; (司法）管辖权 civil suit民事诉讼 title
the law of property财产法 before the judge在法庭上 17、 apply/applicable/available适用于
be subject to受。。。。的约束
? This case is subject to Chinese law. 受……约束，引申为适用
? Chinese law applies / is applicable to / is available to this case. 适用于
18、precedent先例
judge-made law法官制定的法律 make the law制定法律 usage term
connote / mean
in contrast to, as contrasted with subject matter标的
19、Two parallel court systems(Double Track system)双轨制
? Federal Court System联邦法院系统 - U.S. / Federal District Court联邦地区法院 - U.S. / Federal Court of Appeals联邦上诉法院 - U.S. / Federal Supreme Court联邦最高法院
? State Court System州法院系统 - Trial / circuit Court审判法院|巡回法院 - State Appellate Court (Court of Appeals)上诉法院 - State Supreme Court最高法院 20、Separation of powers - Legislative branch: Congress - Executive branch: President - Judicial branch: Courts
Checks and Balances Judicial Review - the ability of a court to decide on the constitutionality of legislation 21、美国的法官
? 联邦和州最高法院的法官
? ——大法官，justiceChief Justice Associate Justice
? 上诉法院和审判法院的法官
? ——法官，judge Chief Justice Associate Justice ? 基层法院的审判人员
? ——治安法官，justice of the peace ? ——司法官，magistrate
22、The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1 Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justice)组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。 23、issue 问题，争论点
litigant 诉讼当事人
plead (the case)（向法庭）陈述案情; plead（在法庭）申辩，认罪，辩护 ;申诉; 答辩; 为…辩护, 抗辩 before a court court/judicial decisions judgment / decision / holding review / rehear 重审，再审，复审 appeal, appealable proceed through hear, hearing as of right vs. discretionary in which the court is located discretion territory abolish tribunal
24、Two-tiered system 两级审判制 25、Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.从1988年开始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都可以作为(法定）权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。 26、(compromise) approach - (international conventions)
impose (on / upon sb.) capital punishment writ of certiorari
provided for by statute specific 27、ad hoc
Versus (vs. or v.):
29、允许上诉（grant leave to appeal),
30、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令（writ of certiorari)
31、US: Article III, section 2 (UK: Section 3, paragraph 2; CN: Article 3, paragraph 2)
Plaintiff vs. Defendant
applicant / claimant vs. respondent appellant vs. appellee
court of first / second / last instance
court of last resort / final hearing / final judgment higher/superior court vs. lower/inferior court 31、 constitutional 1. 宪法规定的,合乎宪法的2. 宪法的
justice 1. 正义; 公正, 合理2. 法律制裁; 司法; 审判3. 法官
judicial 司法的, 法庭的, 审判的,法官的（e.g. judicial acceptance, judicial system，judicial decisions, judicial interpretation…)
judiciary 司法，司法系统法庭或法庭制度； (总称)法官,审判官; 司法系统，司法部 ; 法院的; 审判员的; 司法的
法律英语法律术语
