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学位英语复习资料:从句
从句的基本构成形式
一、(引导从句的)关联词 + 陈述句
常见的关联词:
1、引导多种从句的常见关联词:
what , when, where, who, which, why, how, that, as, since, whether, which, whatever, whenever, if, etc.
2、引导一种从句(常为状语从句)的常见关联词:
until, till, after, before, than, so long as, as far as, as soon as, the moment, every time, each time, as if, now that, even if(thought), by the time, in order that, as…as, once, in case, immediately, how long, etc.
二、主语从句
主语从句三要素: 1、关联词不能省略 2、谓语动词用单数
3、从句用陈述语序
常见引导词
what, when, where,which, who, that,whether, how ,whatever, whoever
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. I don’t think that whatever happens is right. Is what you told me really true?
NOTICE: What we need most are books. 三、表语从句
1、关联词不能省略 2、从句用陈述语序
常见引导词
what, when, where,why, whether, how,that, because, which,
What surprised me most was that he spoke English so well. The question is how what you’ve said can be put into practice. The reason (why ) he didn’t come is that he was ill.
It (This , That) is because iron contains more carbon than steel.
四、同位语从句
1、关联词不能省略 2、从句用陈述语序
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从句的名词后接同位语
fact, idea, word,promise, saying,problem, news 常见引导词
that, whether, where, how, etc.
The facts that he succeeded in the experiment pleased us. An idea came to her that she might do that in another way.
Scientists have argued over the problem whether there is life on other planets.
五、宾语从句
1.从句用陈述语序
Parents generally buy whichever books their children want. Free movie tickets will be given to whoever comes first. I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.
I once read that “The beauty of life is its changes “ and that “The art of life lies in a constant readjustment(适应)to our surroundings.”
Sleep-teaching will only hammer into(强硬灌输)your head what you have studied already while you are awake.
2 . it可做形式宾语代替饱雨从句
We all thought it a pity that he didn’t come.
六、名词性从句的综合问题
1、whether if
If 只能引导宾语从句,不能引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 The question is whether it is worth doing
2、which ,what 不能引导同位语从句
3、whatever, whichever, whoever可以引导名词性从句,“一切,任何,无论” Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out.
Whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help. Whichever day you come, we’ll be pleased to se you.
七、What-clause
1、what = something that /which(即含“内容”) 2、可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句 3、在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语
Show me what you have written.
He is not what he was a few years ago.
FIU has opened (that ) what it says is the first computer art in the US.
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What matters most is good health.
What money I have has been given to you.
4.引导插入语
He is handsome, and what is more, very rich,
_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.
A. It B. This C. What D. As (08山东)C 此题考查主语从句连词的选择。此题的关键在于看出she told me是插入语,从结构上不影响整个句子的表达。根据题意“她告诉我,对她来说最重要的是她的家庭”可知,第二个was 是整个句子的谓语动词。所选词须是连词用来引导主语从句。故可排除A,B。as不能引导主语从句,也可排除。what引导名词性从句在从句中做主语。
八、状语从句
状语从句 引导从句的连词 备 注 after, as, before, once, since, till, 时间 until, when, whenever, while, as long as, as soon as, hardly(scarcely) … when, No sooner … than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day…) 地点 where , wherever 方式 as, as if, as though, 原因 because, since, as, now (that) 结果 so …that, such (a)… that, so that, that 目的 so that, in order that, that, so, 条件 if , unless, in case , as long as, hardly, no sooner在句首,引导的从句 要部分倒装. since引导的从句注意看启动词是否是 瞬间动词还是延续性动词. when 引导的从句注意其特殊用法. 一些名词也可以引导时间状语从句. 后者表示强调. as引导的方式状语从句多在句首. 语气一个比一个弱.for可以引导原因状语从句,但它只能位于句末. so…that中的so在句首,主句要部分倒装. so that 使用最普遍. 注意分清if从句中是否该用虚拟语气. 让步 though, although, even if, even as 引导的让步状语从句要倒装. though, as, in spite of the fact, while, no matter wh- ,
常 见 引 导 词:
时间 when, while, as, as soon as, whenever, after, before, until, till, once,
since, by the time, the moment
地点 where, wherever, anywhere
原因 because, as, since, now that
条件 if, as / so long as, unless, on condition (that) 方式 as, in the way (that), as if
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让步 though, although, as, even if, no matter when / how / where 比较 than, as…as
目的,结果 so…that, in order that
1. when; while; as; whenever ◇ when
从句 ∣ ● ———— (● 点动作,瞬间动作)
————∣————————————
主句 ∣ ● ———— (—— 段动作,延续动作) I’ll speak to him when he arrives.
When (While , As) he stayed there, he began to study German.
◇ while
从句 ∣ ————
————∣———————————— 主句 ∣ ● ————
While (When) we were in Paris, we saw him twice. The doorbell rang while (when) we were watching TV. ◇ as
从句 ∣ ————
————∣—————————— (多表示主从句动作同时进行) 主句 ∣ ———— She sang as she did her homework.
As his brother was going out, it began to rain.
◇ whenever(无论何时)
Whenever you (may) call(看她), you’ll find her sitting by the window. ★ when表示并列(just at that time),用在句子中部
I am going out (I am about to go out) when the phone rings.
★ 两个短动作同时发生用as,或 just as,有时也用 when,长动作同时发生用 while I thought of it just as you opened your mouth.
He stood quietly while the guards searched his clothes. ★ while 可表示对比转折
She is in red while her sister is in yellow. ★ while 还可表示“趁......时”
We should go and look at the monkeys while they are still there. ★ while 表示“尽管,虽然”(多放在句首)
While they are my neighbours, I don’t know the well. ★ while 表示“只要”
While there is life ther is hope.
★ as 表示两种发展或变化的情况,“随着......”
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As it grew, it became loder.
★ when 引导的从句,用一般时态表示未来的事情 Come to me when you like.
2. till (until); not …till(until) 1).肯定
主句谓语动词是延续动词,表达动作或状态持续“到……为止”(即:主句动作或状态到until或 till表达的时间结束)
从句 ∣ until / till
————∣————————∣—— 主句 ∣ ----→∣(结束)
We’ll stay here till it stops raining.
2).否定
主句谓语动词是短暂动词,表达动作或状态“直到……才开始”(即:主句动作或状态到until或till表达的时间才开始做
从句 ∣ until / till
————∣—————∣———— 主句 ∣ (开始)∣-→
He didn’t leave the office until his boss came.
倒装:
Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile. 强调:
It was not until he say his mother that the boy smiled.
3.by the time, next time,every time, each time,
the day, the week,etc.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. The day he returned , his father was already dead. they arrived, we had already left.
By the time
they arrive, we will have already left.
4.as soon as, the moment, on doing, no sooner…than , hardly…when As soon as I saw him I knew there was no hope
→ The moment (that) I saw him I knew there was no hope. → On seeing him I knew there was no hope.
→ No sooner had I seen him than I knew there was no hope.
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