湖南省龙山县皇仓中学”青果杯“高中英语参评论文 英语中的被动
语态
摘要:被动语态是初中英语语法教学中一个重点。本文详细介绍了被动语态的构成和几种特例。
关键词:被动语态;特殊用法;语态
语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者,动词形式为主动语态(The active voice);如果主语是动作的承受者,动词形式为被动语态(The passive voice)。 例如:
1.Many people speak Chinese.(主动语态)
解析:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 2.Chinese is spoken by many people.(被动语态) 解析:many people是speak 的动作的承受者。 一、被动语态的基本结构
被动语态的基本结构是“be +动词的过去分词”,而对于动词的各种时态的被动语态结构要做相应的变化。各种时态的被动语态如下:
1.一般现在时:主语+am/is/are+动词的过去分词 例如:English is spoken in Canada.
2.一般过去时:主语+was/were+spoken+动词的过去分词 例如:Many trees were planted last year.
3.一般将来时:主语+will/be going to be+动词的过去分词 例如:A new bridge will be built in this city next year.
4. 现在进行时:主语+am/is/are being+动词的过去分词 例如:The World Cup is being held in Germany now.
5.过去进行时:主语+was/were being+动词的过去分词
例如:My computer was being used by him when I went to get it back. 6.现在完成时:主语+have/has been+动词的过去分词 例如:Papers and printing have been used for ages. 7.过去完成时:主语+had been +动词的过去分词
例如:The bag had been left at home when I got to school. 8.情态动词:主语+情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 例如:Books can be replaced by computers. 二、何时使用被动语态
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要,如: (1)Paper is made from wood.
(2)The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. (3)He was wounded in the fight. 2.需要强调动作的承受者时,如:
(1)Calculator can't be used in the math exam.
(2)Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away. (3)He was awarded first prize in that contest.
3.为了使语气婉转,避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态,或由于修饰的需要,使用被
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动语态,使句子得以更好的安排。例如:
(1)The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. (2)Electricity is used to run machines. 三、主动语态和被动语态的转换
主动语态变为被动语态时,应注意三个方面: 1.把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语
2.把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态的结构
3.把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语(主格变宾格)”,放在主谓结构之后,在意思明确时by短语可以省略。例如: (1)We speak English.
(2)English is spoken by us. 四、被动语态需要注意的地方
一)1.只有及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态。例如:Great changes have taken place in our hometown these years.(have taken place不可表达为have been taken place,因为take place为不及物动词)。
2.含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况: (1)把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍留在原位。
(2)把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。例如: She gave the boy a book.
The boy was given a book.或The book was given to the boy.
3.短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时,要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可漏掉。这样的短语有:look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of ,etc.例如:
(1)You must take care of your dog. (2)Your dog must be taken care of.
4. 主动句中在感官动词see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, watch, notice及使役动词make, let, have等动词后应跟不带to的动词不定式,而在被动句中应加上不定式符号to。例如: (1)I saw Tom enter the room.
(2)Tom was seen to enter the room.
5.宾语为反身代词,相互代词及虚词it时,不用被动,只用主动。例如: (1)I will do it myself.
(2)The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang 6.有些被动语态结构成了习惯用法。例如: (1)It is said that… 据说…
(2)It is(was) reported that…据报道… (3)It is well-known that…众所周知…
二)1、注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词”,其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态。如:She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(现在进行时)They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。(现在完成时)
2.注意带情态动词的被动语态该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如:The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守。They shouldn’t have been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的。
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3.注意非谓语动词的被动语态1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如:She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如:I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如:I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护,他感到很安全。4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如:Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话,我明天就得做准备。因为邀请我去讲话,我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如:She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如:Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后,我开始信心十足了。注:过去分词没有被动式,因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如:The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
4.注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成,有时也可用“get+过去分词”过去分词构成。如:James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。How did that window get opened? 那个窗户是如何打开的?但总的说来,用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见,尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时,用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时,人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解:The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了(表动作)The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)
5.注意哪些动词不用于被动语态五、注意哪些动词不用于被动语态B>1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是,有些英语中的不及物动词,译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的,很容易出错,这类动词如:take place(发生),happen(发生),)come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续),arise(出现,发生)等:Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态:My shoes don’t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。< experience. lacks>
6.注意两类被动句型的相互转换英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型,它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。如:People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。It’s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。比较上面两类被动句型可以发现,一类是“it+be+过去分词+that“it+be+从句”,另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语ace=宋体>为前一类句型中),通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等,比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化):It’s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。It’s reported that he was driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast. 据说他当时车开得很快。 7.注意主动表被动的若干情形
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1. 某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。如:That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。我的意见证实是错的。2. 当open, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如:The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。The window won’t lock. 这窗户锁不住。注:该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won’t be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关上)3. 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。如:The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。His book doesn’t sell well. 他的书不好销。This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。The parcel carries easily. 包裹容易搬运。注:该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quicklywell, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用,并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式,如下面这道高考题答案是A,而不是C:Books of this kind _____ well. (1999年上海卷)A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold4. 五、主动形式表被动意义的情况
1.动词need, require, want, deserve 等后接v-ing的主动结构常表被动意义。例如: The book is worth reading.
2.open,lock,sell,read,write,clean,cut,wash,burn,teach,drive,shut等及物动词在用作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。例如: The car drives well.
3.look,taste,smell,seem,sound等连系动词主动形式表示被动意义。例如: The dish tastes good.
4.有些动词如cook, print, do等,常用主动结构表被动意义。例如: The lunch is cooking.
六、被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be+过去分词”形式在句子中可能是一个被动语态的谓语,也可能是一个系表结构的谓语。对于它们的区别主要从它们表达的意义上看,而不是从形式上看。系表结构中的过去分词是表示主语的特征或状态,而被动结构则是表示主语是动作的承受者。例如: 1.The door is closed at nine every day.(行为,被动结构) 2.The door is closed now.(状态,系表结构)
3.The letter was written yesterday.(行为,被动结构) 4.The letter is written in English.(状态,系表结构)
参考文献:
1.张道真.实用英语语法[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社 2.郭克晴.英语中考专项突破[M].北京:中国社会出版社 3.牛津高中英语教材 4.语法一点通
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