高三英语形容词、副词、介词、连词
【本讲主要内容】
英语语法基础知识：形容词、副词、介词、连词
【知识总结归纳】
1. 形容词：
表示名词的性质和特征的词叫做形容词，形容词可以用作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语等。
（1）在使用形容词时要注意它的原级、比较级和最高级。注意一般形容词比较级是：原级+—er，最高级是，原级+—est；部分双音节及多音节形容词的比较级是：more+原级，最高级为most+原级。如：nice—nicer—nicest，beautiful—more beautiful / —most beautiful少数形容词的比较级和最高级的变化不规则。如：
good??—better—bestwell?many??—more—mostmuch?
bad—worse—worstlittle—less—least?farther—farthestfar—??further—furthest?older—oldestold—??elder—eldest
（2）形容词比较级可以有even, much, many, a bit, still, a little等状语来修饰。 如：Millions of other stars are even bigger and brighter than the sun. They look small only because they are much farther away.
In fact, the earth is a bit nearer to the sun during our winter. （3）注意能分析出与形容词比较等级有关的句型。 ①……than…… ……比…… Is their room larger than ours? ②最……
These three parks are all very beautiful, but this one is the most beautiful of the three.
③……与……一样 ……as……as…… Chinese is as important as maths.
④……不如…… ……not so(as)……as……
Making model boats isn’t as difficult as making model planes. Wang Ping is not so tall as Li Ping.
⑤最……之一…… one of / among the……
The Changjiang River is among the longest rivers in the world. ⑥越来越…… 形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级 Soon autumn came and it became colder and colder.
⑦第……最…… 序数词+最高级
Africa is the second largest continent.
⑧越……越…… the +比较级……，the+比较级……
The farther away the feeding place was, the slower the dance was. The more you practice, the better you pronounce. ⑨尽可能…… as+原级+as possible
The old men and the boys made the wounded as comfortable as possible. （4）下列词一般只用作表语，不用作定语。 afraid, alive, alone, asleep, well. 如需此含义作定语，应改用其他形容词。
?Thissnakeisalive.??Thisisalivingsnake.?Theboywasalone.??Hewasalonelyboy.
（5）most+形容词的前面有时用不定冠词a，这时most是程度副词（=very或completely）.不表示最高级
Darwin went on a most important and interesting voyage for scientific study. 2. 副词
副词主要是用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词或全句的。 （1）副词可分为：时间副词，（如now then , …ago , yesterday , recently , seldom , often , early , already , soon等）地点副词（here , there , everywhere , down , up , back , in , inside , outside , off等），方式副词（如well , hard , slow , fast , alone 及大多数以-ly结尾的词，如slowly , carefully , proudly , successfully）程度副词（如very , much , too ,quite , rather等），疑问副词（how , when , where , why等），连接副词（引导名词性从句的如why, how when , where等），关系副词（引导定语从句的，如when , why , where等），还有修饰整个句子的副词，如unfortunately , naturally等。
（2）副词在句子中主要用作状语（修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子），表语和定语。
如：It was raining hard. (hard修饰was raining) The ground is quite wet. (quiet修饰wet)
Unfortunately， this is the last class we have.（unfortunately修饰全句） school is over.（over作句子的表语）
Is Zheng Hua in? No, he is out. (in和out作表语)
Mike was on his way home.（home作way的定语，放在被修饰词的后面） （3）副词的比较等级
副词也可分为原级，比较级和最高级，规则与形容词加—er和—est相同。副词最高级前面的定冠词可以省略。
副词的比较级可以用程度状语来修饰，也可以用as（so）……as……结构。 如：The hare runs much faster than the tortoise.
It’s the same sun, and it shines just as bright as in the summertime. （4）学习副词时应注意：
①enough作副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，应放在所修饰的词之后。
The boy is old enough to go to school.
He didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. ②有些副词与形容词同形，如：alone, better, fast, hard, loud, long, high, worse, worst等
要通过它们的修饰的不同词类加以辨别。修饰名词或作表语的是形容词：修饰其他词类，短语或从句的是副词。
The sun shines bright.（副词，修饰动词shine） The sun is bright.（形容词作表语） ③注意区别：fairly与rather
fairly通常接褒义形容词，rather常接贬义形容词，但也可接褒义形容词。 fairly good（well, warm, safe）
rather bad（small, dirty, dangerous, well, good） ago 与before
ago表示从现在的时间基点起，说多少时间以前，与一般过去时，过去进行时连用。before表示从过去某时或将来某时为时间基点，说多少时间以前。可以与一般过去时，过去完成时，现在完成时，将来完成时等时态连用。 He was reading English a few minutes ago.
The boss said that Johnny had told him all about his pest three weeks before. so, neither与now
这三词放在句首，代表上文已经提到的情况。上文意思肯定的时候用so，是否定的时候用neither或now。neither大多用于两者之间，nor无此限制。 He has read this book. So have I.
He didn’t finish the work. Neither did his brother.
3. 介词：
介词又名前置词。介词后面通常跟一个名词或相当于名词作宾语。介词与介词宾语一起叫做介词短语。
可以用作介词宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动名词、连接代词或副词+带to的不定式，以及从句。
One day he went to the seashore before day break（名词） Don’t be hard to him（代词）
How much is twenty divided by four.（数词）
Practices can prevent us from being fat.（动名词）
Teacher gave me some advice on how to learn English.（连接词+不定式） The man stood still, except that his lips moved slightly. 介词短语在句中可做状语，定语和表语等。 I come here to see you.（目的状语）
He stood with his hands raised（伴随状语） There was a talk on history.（定语）
The bus stop is on the other side of the street.（表语） 在学习介词时要注意以下几点： （1）表时间时at、in、on的用法
表示短暂的时间“点”时用at；如at six, at dawn
表示较长的时间“段”时用in，如in the morning in a week, in spring. in the
nineteenth century等。
表示某日、星期几或某日的朝、夕、上、下午时用on, 如：on Sunday, on May lst, on the morning of July lst, on Sunday morning. （2）表时间时after和in
after和in 都可以表示多少时间以后。但after用来表示从过去某时算起的多少时间以后。in表示未来一段时间“以后”或“以内”，与将来时态连用多表示“以后”与过去时连用多表示“以内”。
When Marx was already in his fifties, he began to learn to Russian. After only six months he had learned enough to read articles and reports in Russian. He finished his work in fifteen days.
但请区分：He’ll be back after three o’clock.（三点钟以后） He’ll be back in three o’clock.（三个小时以后） （3）表位置的介词in, on, to
in一般指范围之内，on指边界相邻，to指在范围之外且不接壤。 Shang hai is in the east of China. India is on the sorth of China. Japan lies to the east of China. （4）介词with后面的复合结构。
介词后面接复合结构以with最为常见，即with+宾语（名词或代词）+宾语补足语。可以在with后面作宾语补足语的有形容词、副词、介词短语，不定式短语，现在分词，过去分词等。
He wore a shirt with the neck open.（形容词） The man went out with nothing on.（副词）
The teacher came in with a book under his arm.（介词短语）
Some were poor, with not even a coat to keep warm.（不定式短语）
Charlie Charplin stood there, with a stick swinging in the air.（现在分词） The poor boy sat in the corner, with his hands tied.（过去分词） （5）of+抽象名词等于与该名词意思相同的形容词的意思。 Sports and games can be of great value.= valuable. This kind of machine is of great use. =useful （6）注意牢记与动词或名词固定搭配的介词。 这里就不一一详细列举了。
【高考点拨】【题型展示】
在高考中，各类语法类的考察方式很多，对于本次课内容而言，单选和完形填空的题型是考察学生掌握情况的主要手段。在理清题意，抓住关键词的前提下，同学们利用已掌握的基础知识会准确迅速地找出答案。 1. 形容词：
分清各备选的确切含义是词汇题的前提，所以同学们首先要有一定的词汇量。当然，题目提示一定要看准，才会有成功的把握。2003年北京卷32题： Our neighbour has ______________ ours. A. as a big house as B. as big a house as C. the same big house as
D. a house the same big as
本题考查的不仅是形容词原级，且涉及到了词序问题。 首先考虑as…as…的原级比较句型，另外要掌握as…as…之间的形容词带修饰的名词，词序为：as+adj+名词+as… 本题答案为B
2002年全国卷27题
Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has ______________IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
本题意思是“Boris很聪明，事实上我怀疑班里是否还有比他智商高的人”D答案是干扰项，虽然题目隐含的意思是“Boris是智商最高的”，但最高级应用于三人以上的比较，而本题实际上是将anyone in the class与Boris两人对比，因此只能用比较级，且anyone是泛指的人，因此前面用不定冠词a。答案为B。
2. 副词：
在选择副词时，上下文的内容提示相当关键，会直接影响我们的思路。除此以外，有些形容词副词与—ly形副词的确切含意必须搞清楚。如：close—（距离）近地。closely—密切地。
easy—轻松地。easily—容易地，free—免费地，freely—自由地。 high—高地，highly—高度地（赞扬），late—迟地，lately—近来等等。 2000年高考题
It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, ____________ if you don’t speak the language.
A. extremly B. naturally
C. basically D. especially
“呆在国外很难，尤其是假如你不会说当地语言”，首先要正确理解句子的语气，其次要辨记四个词的不同含义。 extremly—极度地，naturally—自然而然地，basically—基本地，especially—尤其。 不言而喻，理解了句子后，D是正确答案。 2002年北京卷30小题
It was raining heavily. Little Many felt cold, so she stood _____________ to her mother.
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
题意为“雨下得很大，小玛丽感到冷，她紧靠着她妈妈站着”考查的副词意为“距离接近”closely为“密切地”，closed“关闭的”，closing—形容词“关门的”，答案为A。
3. 介词：
在做题时看清与介词搭配的词，做出正确判断。除此之外，每个备选 项的正确用法以及题目的暗示都要心中有数。 2002年北京卷33题
——What do you want ____________ those old boxes? ——To put things in when I move to the new flat. A. by B. for C. of D. with 题意是问“你这些旧盒子拿来怎么用？”“我搬新房子时拿来装东西”，for表“目的”，
高三英语形容词、副词、介词、连词知识精讲
