语音知识:
1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母只有a,e,i(y),o,u
2) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。即20个元音音素和28个辅音音素.
3) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
4) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
5) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple,stu'dent,tea'cher,un'der'stand。
6) 开音节: a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he,go,hi。
7) 闭音节: a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad,bed,sit,hot,cup; b)元音+辅音it。
8) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)。 2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana,student,today,after,[i] orange,secret,evening,very,Monday。
特殊读音
1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。
not at all,half an hour,I love you and all、after all。
2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破。
good girl,good student,good job,expression,school,extreme。 3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。
Would you do it I am glad to meet you、Can't you see it last year,this year。
重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter,sorry。
b)有 a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout,be'lieve,ad'dress,de'cide,re'port,con'demn,res'pect,com'pare,
in'form,dis'cuss,im'press,mis'take,en'force,pre'pare,em'ploy,per'mit,es'cape,pro'duce,ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-,in-,re-,con-,pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的 词性在第二个音节上。'record,re'cord; 'insult,in'sult; 'conduct,con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content,con'tent。
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词,有两个重音。
'out'side,'re'tell,'well-'known,'un'real,'fif'teen,'Chi'nese,'pre-'war,'post-'war。
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult,'communist,'family,e'conomy,oppor'tunity,de'mocracy。 b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音
'carefully,in'definite,'comfortable,con'ductor,ac'cording,dis'turbance,'complicated,es'tablishment。
c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive 后缀的词,重音在 这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous,cal'ligraphy,edi'torial,his'torian,peri'odic,mathe'matics,ex'perience, suf'ficient,i'dentify,trans'lation,re'ligious,curi'osity,pro'tective。 d)词尾有 -ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。
enter'tain,emplo'yee,mountai'neer,Japa'nese,ciga'rette。
一些特殊规则:
S后的清辅音/
k/ /p/ / t/ 要浊化为/g/ /b/ /d/音。
n /, /??n /
如:sky skill stop student space sport 字母组合tion有两种发音/t?如: /t?
n / question /??n / situation nation invitation
有些单词中某些字母不发音
如:hour climb Christmas know listen 一般情况开音节发本音(如 辅+元+辅+e 的结构)
a [e?] cake ,face , table ,grade,… have[?]除外 e [i:] these , he, she, be, we…
I [a?] mine , ride , time, … give ,live[?] 除外
o [??] nose ,those ,hope ,… (另外,‘o’后是m, n, v, th,发[?]
如:love, some ,come,glove,brother,mother ; whose,whom[u:]除外。)
U [ju:] cute ,use
闭音节一般不发本音(如 辅+元+辅 的结构) a [?] cat ,black ,glad,… e [e] bed , left , help , … I [?] big ,milk ,think ,… o /?
/ ?
hot , stop , clock,…
u [?] bus , sun ,but ,… put , pull[?]除外 仅一种发音的字母组合:ai, ay [e?] rain ,play
al [?:] all , walk talk half [ɑ:]除外 oa [??] coat ,boat
ch [t?] chair , China school [k] 除外 ck [k] duck , clock
sh [?] shirt , shoes 还有sure [?] a前是辅音[w] 时,a发/?
/ ?
,如:want ,what, watch ,wallet, wash
a后是字母ss , s, f , n时,一般发[ɑ:],如grass,class,ask,after,… i后是ld, nd结尾时, i 发[a?],如:find ,kind , child ,behind ,…
一些常用字母组合的发音:
ar [ɑ:] farm far farther park
[?:] quarter warm
air [e?] chair hair hairdryer pair airport ear [??]dear year ear earphone near hear
[e?] bear pear [?:] learn early
ere [??] here
[e?] where there [?:] were
ea [e?] great
[e] head sweater breakfast ready bread headache heavy
[i:] speak peach beach each please read reading-room teacher
teach eat seat tea teapot meat ice- cream Easter mean [??] really idea theatre
ee [i:] see eighteen three green sweet tree Halloween need street
sweep weekend
er [?:] her hers term
[?] brother daughter father mother sister teacher number tiger
after flower
or [?] doctor visitor mirror calculator
[?:] work worker word world
[?:] for forty morning short sport fork horse New York order more
before
ir /ur [?:] bird girl birthday shirt skirt third circle thirsty thirty
sir first
turn purse nurse hamburger surf Thursday hurt
igh [a?] night bright right light fight high height
[e?] eight weight
oo [?] cook foot football classroom bedroom bathroom look good
goodbye book bookcase storybook
[u:] food school too zoo cool room broom noodle tooth
toothache afternoon soon balloon spoon moon cartoon
ou [?] country countryside touch young cousin
[a?] cloudy shout about house housework blouse ground mountain
sound trousers mouth mouse around loudly out [??] shoulder [?] should would
ow [a?]how down town brown flower now cow
[??]row know yellow bowl window follow Halloween tomorrow show glow grow blow slow low snow snowy snowball
th [θ]mouth think thin thank theatre bathroom three third
thirteen thirty thirsty anything something
[e] brother father mother the this these that those they
them their then with there than
Ed [d] listened played answered … (元音、浊辅音结尾)
[t]jumped helped liked milked cooked picked washed watched danced
stopped(清)
[?d]tasted collected visited wanted planted started (t ,d结尾的单词)
英语音标学习资料整理
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