语音知识:
1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母只有a,e,i(y),o,u
2) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。即20个元音音素和28个辅音音素.
3) 元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
4) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
5) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple，stu'dent，tea'cher，un'der'stand。
6) 开音节： a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he，go，hi。
7) 闭音节： a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad，bed，sit，hot，cup; b)元音+辅音it。
8) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)。 2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana，student，today，after，[i] orange，secret，evening，very，Monday。
特殊读音
1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。
not at all，half an hour，I love you and all、after all。
2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。
good girl，good student，good job，expression，school，extreme。 3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。
Would you do it I am glad to meet you、Can't you see it last year，this year。
重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter，sorry。
b)有 a-，be-，de-，re-，res-，in-，im-，en-，em-，es-，ex-，con-，com-，dis-，mis-，pre-，per-，pro-，trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a'bout，be'lieve，ad'dress，de'cide，re'port，con'demn，res'pect，com'pare，
in'form，dis'cuss，im'press，mis'take，en'force，pre'pare，em'ploy，per'mit，es'cape，pro'duce，ex'claim，trans'late
c)有 de-，in-，re-，con-，pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关，一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的 词性在第二个音节上。'record，re'cord; 'insult，in'sult; 'conduct，con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content，con'tent。
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-，ex-，un-，pre-，post-，等的词，有两个重音。
'out'side，'re'tell，'well-'known，'un'real，'fif'teen，'Chi'nese，'pre-'war，'post-'war。
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult，'communist，'family，e'conomy，oppor'tunity，de'mocracy。 b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音
'carefully，in'definite，'comfortable，con'ductor，ac'cording，dis'turbance，'complicated，es'tablishment。
c)词尾有-eous，-grahpy，-ial，-ian，-ic，-ics，-ience，ient，-ify，-ion，-ious，-ity，ive 后缀的词，重音在 这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous，cal'ligraphy，edi'torial，his'torian，peri'odic，mathe'matics，ex'perience， suf'ficient，i'dentify，trans'lation，re'ligious，curi'osity，pro'tective。 d)词尾有 -ain，-ee，-eer，-ese，-ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。
enter'tain，emplo'yee，mountai'neer，Japa'nese，ciga'rette。
一些特殊规则：
S后的清辅音/
k/ /p/ / t/ 要浊化为/g/ /b/ /d/音。
n /, /??n /
如：sky skill stop student space sport 字母组合tion有两种发音/t?如: /t?
n / question /??n / situation nation invitation
有些单词中某些字母不发音
如：hour climb Christmas know listen 一般情况开音节发本音（如 辅＋元＋辅＋e 的结构）
a [e?] cake ,face , table ,grade,… have[?]除外 e [i:] these , he, she, be, we…
I [a?] mine , ride , time, … give ,live[?] 除外
o [??] nose ,those ,hope ,… (另外，‘o’后是m, n, v, th，发[?]
如：love, some ,come，glove，brother，mother ; whose,whom[u:]除外。)
U [ju:] cute ,use
闭音节一般不发本音（如 辅＋元＋辅 的结构） a [?] cat ,black ,glad,… e [e] bed , left , help , … I [?] big ,milk ,think ,… o /?
/ ?
hot , stop , clock,…
u [?] bus , sun ,but ,… put , pull[?]除外 仅一种发音的字母组合：ai, ay [e?] rain ，play
al [?:] all , walk talk half [ɑ:]除外 oa [??] coat ,boat
ch [t?] chair , China school [k] 除外 ck [k] duck , clock
sh [?] shirt , shoes 还有sure [?] a前是辅音[w] 时，a发/?
/ ?
,如：want ,what, watch ,wallet, wash
a后是字母ss , s, f , n时，一般发[ɑ:]，如grass，class，ask，after,… i后是ld, nd结尾时, i 发[a?]，如：find ,kind , child ,behind ,…
一些常用字母组合的发音：
ar [ɑ:] farm far farther park
[?:] quarter warm
air [e?] chair hair hairdryer pair airport ear [??]dear year ear earphone near hear
[e?] bear pear [?:] learn early
ere [??] here
[e?] where there [?:] were
ea [e?] great
[e] head sweater breakfast ready bread headache heavy
[i:] speak peach beach each please read reading-room teacher
teach eat seat tea teapot meat ice- cream Easter mean [??] really idea theatre
ee [i:] see eighteen three green sweet tree Halloween need street
sweep weekend
er [?:] her hers term
[?] brother daughter father mother sister teacher number tiger
after flower
or [?] doctor visitor mirror calculator
[?:] work worker word world
[?:] for forty morning short sport fork horse New York order more
before
ir /ur [?:] bird girl birthday shirt skirt third circle thirsty thirty
sir first
turn purse nurse hamburger surf Thursday hurt
igh [a?] night bright right light fight high height
[e?] eight weight
oo [?] cook foot football classroom bedroom bathroom look good
goodbye book bookcase storybook
[u:] food school too zoo cool room broom noodle tooth
toothache afternoon soon balloon spoon moon cartoon
ou [?] country countryside touch young cousin
[a?] cloudy shout about house housework blouse ground mountain
sound trousers mouth mouse around loudly out [??] shoulder [?] should would
ow [a?]how down town brown flower now cow
[??]row know yellow bowl window follow Halloween tomorrow show glow grow blow slow low snow snowy snowball
th [θ]mouth think thin thank theatre bathroom three third
thirteen thirty thirsty anything something
[e] brother father mother the this these that those they
them their then with there than
Ed [d] listened played answered … （元音、浊辅音结尾）
[t]jumped helped liked milked cooked picked washed watched danced
stopped（清）
[?d]tasted collected visited wanted planted started (t ,d结尾的单词)
英语音标学习资料整理
