成时的用法。
一、must +现在完成时
表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。
1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received
B. must have failed to receive C. must receive
D. must fail to receive （答案：B）（1998年44题）
2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had （答案为D）（2001年58题） 二、should （ought to ）+完成时 表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、 批评。
1、They have done things they ought _____. A. not to do
B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done （答案为C）（1999年59题）
2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned
C. should have phoned D. should be phoned （答案为C）（2000年26题） 三、could +完成时
表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。 1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time. 他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。 2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough. 我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。
第四节 虚拟语气
如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。
考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主语从句；It is time （that）…句型中。
一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：
虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：
1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know
（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）
2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language? A. spoke B. speak
C. had spoken D. will speak
（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。） 3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time. A. would come
B. would have come C. had come D. came
（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题） 二、if的省略形式 在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。
1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized
C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized
（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。）（1996年39题）
2、_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us
（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题） 三、含蓄条件句
有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。
1、Without your help, we _____ so much. A. didn’t achieve
B. would not have achieved C. will not achieve D. don’t achieve
（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题）
2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had
（答案：B。2003年28题）
四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句
wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；
1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study （答案：C）（2000年53题）
2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there. A. were B. would be C. had been D. will be （答案：C）（2001年53题） 五、would rather＋句子（过去时）
1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind. A. rather B. better
C. happier D. further
（答为案：A）（1998年45题）
2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come
B. would come C. came
D. have come （答案为C）（2002年46题） 六、以as if，as though引导的从句
在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。 1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew
C. had known
D. would have known
（答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）
2、You are talking as if you had seen them 你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）
七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。
类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。 1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had
B. would have C. have
D. was going to have （答案：C）（1998年28题）
2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put D. putting on （答案：A）（1999年58题）
八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。
1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come C. come
D. may come （答案：C）（1997年29题）
2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged
D. would be arranged （答案：C）（2003年45题）
九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。 1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do B. will do C. did D. must do （答案：C）（1996年43题）
2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up
C. would give up D. should give up （答案：B）（1999年31题）
非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。
一、动词不定式
考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法（尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。）；stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区别；remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别；have sth done 和have sb do sth。 基本形式
一般式 完成式 进行式 主动形式 （not） to make （not） to have made （not） to be making 被动形式 （not） to be made （not） to have been made 在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 （一）动词不定式的基本结构和用法
动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。 1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I’m pleased _____ you. A. to meet B .meeting
C. to have been meeting D. to be met （答案：A）（1998年57题）
北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试英语串讲讲义
