定语从句
一、定义
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。从字面上看，定语从句是从属于主句的一个从句，即去掉之后主句仍是完整的句子，并且定语从句本身具有完整的句子成分，即主谓，主谓宾，主谓宾宾补，主系表等。但是由于其从句的特性，需要有词来引导它。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词，并且始终置于定语从句之首。根据在定语从句中所做的成分来看，关系词分为两种，关系代词和关系副词。具体见下： 常见关系代词：
指代对象 人 物 既有人又有物 定语 who, whom, that which, that that whose 常见关系副词：when, why, where 二、关系代词的选用
关系代词代替先行词，在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，宾补或表语，即句子的基本成分。如果先行词为人，并且关系代词在定语从句中做主语，那么可以选用who或者that，如：
This is the man who/that helped me.
如果先行词为人，并且关系代词在定语从句中做宾语，可以选用who, whom或者that，如：
The doctor who/whom/that you are looking for is in the room. 如果先行词为物，那么可以选用which或者that,如： The building that/which stands near the river is our school. whose在定语从句中，相当于先行词+’s，of which或者of whom,即whose在定语从句中做定语，既可以指人又可以指物。如：
Do you know the man whose name is John?
Do you see the house whose windows are all broken?
但是当whose和of which或者of whom转换时，一定要加上the变成特指，上面两句可以变成：
Do you know the man of whom the name is John?
Do you see the house of which the windows are all broken? 三、关系副词的选用
如果定语从句中不缺基本成分，则根据先行词及句意，从when, why, where三个词中选择。关系副词在定语从句中做状语，表示时间，地点和原因。如：
This is the place where we lived for 5 years.(We lived in the place for five years.) 先行词指地点，定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语
I know the reason why he did so.(He did so for the reason.) 先行词指原因，定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语
（注意区分I know the reason that he explained at the meeting.）
I remember the day when we met.(We met on the day.) 先行词指时间，定语从句中不缺基本成分，缺状语
从上述几个例句发现，1. 关系副词相当于介词+先行词，在定语从句中做状语。 2. 所有的关系副词都可以换成相应的介词+which，即
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This is the place in which we lived for 5 years. I know the reason for which he did so. I remember the day on which we met. 四、注意事项
1. that在定语从句中并不是万能的。介词后面的关系代词只能是which和whom, 指人的时候用whom,指物的时候用which, 绝对不能出现that。如：
Here is the money with which you can buy the book. Nancy is the person on whom you can depend. 非限制性定语从句中that也不能使用。（定语从句与主句被逗号隔开的称为非限制性定语从句，没有逗号隔开的则是限制性定语从句。非限制定语从句与主句关系较小，起到解释说明的作用，去掉对句意影响不大。限制性定语从句起到限定作用，去掉后可能会导致主句表意不明。）如：
The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, is very beautiful. My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an email almost every day. 2. 当先行词既有人又有物的时候，关系代词只能用that，如：
I will never forget the things and people that we met when we were in Nanjing. 3. 关系代词不能用which，只能用that的情况有：
1）先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。如： All that we have to do is to practice every day. Much that you have read is nonsense.
2）先行词被序数词或者形容词最高级修饰。如： The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
3）先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰。如： I have read all the books that you gave me.
Any paper that you read will give the same story. No man that has common sense can believe it.
4）先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰。如： He is the only person that I want to talk to. This is the very book that I want to buy.
4. 当关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词能够被省略。如： The girl (whom/who/that) you met yesterday lives next door. I’ll tell you everything (that) I know. 5. the way后面的定语从句
当the way后面的定语从句不缺基本成分时，可以用that/in which/省略。如： The way (that/in which) one behaves says what type of person she is. 6. 关系代词which的特别用法
which除了代替先行词在定语从句中做成分之外，还能代替前面描述的整个或部分句子。如：
He saw the girl, which delighted him. 7. 关系代词as的特别用法
1）as做关系代词，要区别前面描述的which, that, who, whom等，当先行词被such或者so修饰的时候，关系代词只能用as, 如：
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.
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These questions are so difficult as no one can answer.
(区分 These questions are so difficult that no one can answer them.) 2）as和which一样也可以代替整个句子，但是差别在于：
as长用在一些固定的结构中(as we all know, as is known to all, as is expected, as is often the case…)，有正如的意思，as引导的定语从句位置任意，而which引导的定语从句只能出现在其替代的部分后面。如：
As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 该句如果用which改写的话只能改成：
He is the best student in our class, which is known to all. 同步测验：
1. On May 12th, many parts of Sichuan were struck by an earthquake, from_______ effects the people are still suffering.
A. that B. whose C. those D. what 2．(2019·安徽，29)A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A．as B．it C. which D．this 3. Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 4. The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 5. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
6. He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 7. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it 8. This is the first time ________ he has been here.
A. that B. when C. at which D. which 9. I don't like ________ you speak to her.
A. the way B. they way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 10. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been 11. I have bought two ballpoint pens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 12. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected.
A. when B. which C. whose D. where
13. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, ___ he could see ____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that 14. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 15. Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
16. I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 17. The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were
18. When reading a novel, it is important to look at the political and cultural context _______ the
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高一英语语法专题定语从句强化练习2(无答案)
