专题2 非谓语动词
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能 种类 时态 一般式 主动 to do to be doing to have done doing having done doing having done done(vi一般式 .)表完成 被动 to be done × to have been done being done having been done being done having been done done(vt.)表被动与完成 × × √ √ √ √ × × √ √ √ √ √ √ × √ √ × √ √ √ √ √ √ 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语 不定式 进行式 完成式 一般式 动名词 完成式 现在 分词 过去 一般式 完成式 非谓语动词的核心考点 1.非谓语动词作状语 (1)不定式作状语 ①表示目的
I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired. ②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。
George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him. (2)现在分词作状语
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①一般式doing
表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。
The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系) ②完成式having done
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington. ③被动式having been done
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。
Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前) (3)过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。
Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系) 2.非谓语动词作定语 (1)现在分词作定语
现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。
Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her. (2)不定式作定语
不定式作定语表示未做的事情。
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 不定式作定语的特殊用法：
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。 ②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one to look after her. ③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。 She is now looking for a room to live in. (3)过去分词作定语
过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。 You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts. His first book published last month is based on a true story.
注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)
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感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。 3.非谓语动词作宾语
(1)动词afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire等后面接不定式作宾语；动词come，get，grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地……”。 David refused to accept my invitation.
She has a hot temper，but you will grow to like her.
注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discuss等。 I don’t know how to deal with this kind of matter.
(2)①动词admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考虑)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。
Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation. ②动词短语can’t stand，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote...to，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。 I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. ③介词后要接动名词作宾语，如what about，how about，be fond of，be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth.＝as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。
On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started. 注意：①表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。
I like listening to music，but today I don’t like to.
②want，require，need表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。
The patient required to be examined. The patient required examining. 4.非谓语动词作主语 (1)动名词作主语
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语) (2)不定式作主语
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To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing.
It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语) 5.非谓语动词作宾补 (1)分词作补语的区别
①现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listen to，look at等。
I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动，正在进行)
②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make等。 Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left. I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (2)不定式作补语
①接带to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise，allow，ask，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，invite，leave，like，mean，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，tell，want，warn，wish，call on，depend on/upon，long for，wait for等。
I didn’t mean you to hear it.
We’re all longing for the new term to begin.
②接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make，have，let等使役动词以及see，watch，notice，observe，look at，feel，hear，listen to等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。 Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them. She was seen to enter the manager’s office ten minutes ago. (3)with＋宾语＋宾补
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
John received an invitation to dinner，and with his work finished，he gladly accepted it.
With a lot of difficult problems to settle，the newly-elected president is having
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a hard time. 6.非谓语动词作表语
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。 The queen’s work is laying eggs.
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。 His ambition is to go to Harvard University.
注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。
1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识
???误?We thought it wrong for her to punish.?
??正?We thought it wrong for her to be punished.?
???误?The man lay on his back，with his whole body burying in the sand.?
??正?The man lay on his back，with his whole body buried in the sand.?
2.缺少搭配意识
???误?Would you please stop to watch TV？You have watched it for too long.????正?Would you please stop watching TV？You have watched it for too long.
?误?Your suit needs to iron.??
??正?Your suit needs ironing.???正?Your suit needs to be ironed.3.缺少前后主语一致意识
(误)Before handing in your test paper，it is necessary to go over the whole paper. (正)Before handing in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper. (正)Before you hand in your test paper，you should go over the whole paper. 4.缺少结构意识
??误?Time permits，I’ll talk for another hour.?????正?Time permitting，I’ll talk for another hour.
???误?Having not been in the city long，I was still a stranger there.????正?Not having been in the city long，I was still a stranger there.
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2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第一部分专题2非谓语动词讲义
