an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.（看翻译）（名词到动词）
8．New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
五．状语: 1．President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
2．It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.
3．To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.（看翻译）单独成句法
4．I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of \alternative move into \brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
5．Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the \
6．When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
7．With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.
8．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
9．Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no
regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
六 表语： 1．The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
2．One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
七 插入语： 1．This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
2．From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
3．The \enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
4．\it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...\
5．The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.
6．The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.
7．The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.
8．But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
9．While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn\clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
10．This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.
八 比较结构： 1．For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the\in the mid\90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift--growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one--as a personal recognition of your limitations.
2．A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man .
3．Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
4．Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
5．Surely there is no more commanding moral imperative for people in the west than to urge each other, and their governments, to bring relief to the world’s poorest
九 强调： 1．Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
十 倒装： 1．Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.
2．Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
3．Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
4．With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan\in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated,
tow-generation households.
5．Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the \team.\
十一 省略和简洁： 1．In 1992,the United nations environmental programme and the world Health Organization (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty mega cities –places likey to more than ten million inhabitants in at least one major pollutant . Two-third of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more.
2．No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word \does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.
3．If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
4．On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: \book stands for reason itself.\And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
5．As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
参考译文
一、隔离结构： 1．参考译文：这个成功以及后来的研究——这些研究表明记忆本身并不是由基因决定的——导致爱立信得出一个结论，即：记忆活动与其是一个直觉还不如说是一个认知活动。
2．参考译文：那些能够形象地描述事物和勾画出无数模式的能力是如何让一个人能够回答那些最好的诗人和哲学家都能不能回答的问题的，这一点还不是很明显。
3．参考译文：那些凡是参加过SAT考试的人都会证明考试技巧也是很重要的，即是否知道什么时候该猜测答案或者什么样的问题该跳过去。
4．参考译文：在过去的20多年时间里，那些曾经依靠辛勤工作和公平竞争就可以保证自己财政收支安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。
5．[参考译文] 有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如\轻踩刹车\以\操纵经济软着陆\，使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。
6．参考译文：根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文，一个新的渔场大型捕食者数量（杀死并吃掉其他动物的动物）在开发的头15年平均减少80%。
7．参考译文：有些因此可能会逃过一劫，因为那时没有用带诱饵的鱼钩抓它们，这样就低估了过去的鱼的储量。
8．[参考译文] 在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人士承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对病人来说，现代医学已经延长了死亡的身体痛苦。
9．[参考译文] 很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显，并且可以用英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。
10．[参考译文] OECD在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每桶22美元，那些富裕国家在石油进口上多花的费用也只占其GDP的0．25％到0．5％。
11．[参考译文] 它把对疼痛的治疗不足和盲目积极使用\有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且强迫性的医疗手段\视为生命临终医护的两个问题。
12．[参考译文] 对于学术圈中的大多数人而言，在学习中加入有启发性的玩耍是很傻的，但是这又是通常存在的情况。
13．[参考译文] 这些发现又更加证实了这个理论：亚马逊地区从长期的农业耕作中恢复的非常
好以至于长期以来好几代生物学家都把这些再生的地方错误的当成是原始森林。
14．[参考译文] 有些人认为电脑的课堂教学是为了学生的就业前景，有些人认为电脑的课堂教育是为了教育的彻底改革，这两群人之间有一条无形的界线。
二、并列结构： 1．参考译文：他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区的实际生物量（活的生物总量），而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。
2．参考译文：许多事情让人们认为艺术家是古怪之人，而最古怪的也许是：艺术家的唯一工作就是研究感情，而他们还往往选择研究那些感觉不好的感情。
3．参考译文：而一名顶级权威认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。
4．[参考译文] 但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。
5．[参考译文] 但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。 6．[参考译文] 将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。 8．[参考译文] 我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促进全球化进程的那方基石：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者需求。
9．[参考译文] 很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显，并且可以用英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。
10．[参考译文] 相反，我们看到了这样一些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足：美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐；倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
11．[参考译文] 但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官
何凯文考研英语长难句精讲完备讲义(完美打印版)
