Crowding-out effect 挤出效应The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending
Currency 通货
The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public
Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业
The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate
capital gain 资本增值
the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold
capital market 资本市场
the market in which savings are made available to investors
categorical assistance 分类帮助
public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled
causation 因果关系
relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one
central planning 中央计划
the system in which central government bureaucrats (as opposed to private entrepreneurs or even local government bureaucrats) determine what will be produced an how it will be produced
centralization 集权
organizational structure in which decision making is concentrated at the top
centrally planned economy 中央计划经济
an economy in which most decisions about resource allocation are made by the central government
certificate of deposit (CD) 存单
account in which money is deposited for a preset length of time, that must yield a slightly higher return to compensate for the reduced liquidity
circular flow 循环流程
how funds move through the capital, labor, and product markets between households, firms, the government, and the foreign sector
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classical economists 古典经济学家
economists prevalent before the Great Depression who believed that the basic competitive model provided a good description of the economy and that if short periods of unemployment did occur, market forces would quickly restore the economy to full employment
classical unemployment 古典失业
unemployment that results from too-high real wages; it occurs in the supply constrained equilibrium, so that rightwards shifts in aggregate supply reduce the level of unemployment
competitive equilibrium price 竞争性均衡价格
the price at which the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded are equal to each other
consumer protection legislation 消费者保护法
laws aimed at protecting consumers, for instance by assuring that consumers have more complete information about items they are considering buying
consumer sovereignty 消费者权益
the principle that holds that each individual is the best judge of what makes him better off
consumption function 消费函数
the relationship between disposable income and consumption
contingency clauses 应变条款
statements within a contract that make the level of payment or the work to be performed conditional upon various factors
corporate income tax 公司所得税
a tax based on the income, or profit, received by a corporation
correlation 相关
relationship that results when a change in one variable is consistently associated with a change in another one
cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀
inflation whose initial cause is a rise in production costs
Cournot competition 古诺竞争
an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to a certain level of production and that rivals will reduce their prices as needed to sell that amount
credentials competition 文凭竞争
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the trend in which prospective workers acquire higher educational credentials, not so much because of anything they actually learn in the process but to convince potential employers to hire them by signaling that they will be more productive employees than those with weaker credentials
credit constraint effect 信贷约束效应
when prices fall, firms' revenues also fall, but the money they owe creditors remains unchanged; as a result, firms have fewer funds of their own to invest. Because of credit rationing, firms cannot make up the difference; accordingly, investment decreases
credit rationing 信贷配给
credit is rationed when no lender is willing to make a loan to a borrower or the amount lenders are willing to lend to borrowers is limited, even if the borrower is willing to pay more than other borrowers of comparable risk who are getting loans
cross subsidization 交叉补贴
the practice of charging higher prices to one group of consumers in order to subsidize lower prices for another group D
Deadweight loss 无谓损失
The reduction in total surplus that results from a tax
Demand curve 需求曲线
A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Demand deposits 活期存款
Balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check
Demand schedule 需求表
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Depreciation 贬值
A decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Depression 萧条 A severe recession
Diminishing marginal product 边际产量递减
The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
《MBA专业术语汇总》 - 8 -
The property that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
Diminishing returns 收益递减
The property that the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
Discount rate 贴现率
The interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks
Discouraged workers 丧失信心的工人
Individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job
Discrimination 歧视
The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics
Diseconomies of scale 规模不经济
The property that long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
Dominant strategy 优势战略
A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players
debt 债务
capital, such as bonds and bank loans, supplied to a firm by lenders; the firm promises to repay the amount borrowed with interest
decentralization 分权化
organizational structure in which many individuals or subunits can make decisions
decision tree 决策树
a device for structured decision making that spells out the choices and possible consequences of alternative actions
deficit spending 赤字支出
the situation that exists when government expenditures are greater than revenues
deflation 通货紧缩
a persistent decrease in the general level of prices
demand-constrained equilibrium 受需求约束的平衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level above that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply at the current price level
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demand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀
inflation whose initial cause is aggregate demand exceeding aggregate supply at the current price level
demographic effects 人口效应
effects that arise from changes in characteristics of the population such as age, birthrates, and location
deregulation 放松管制
the lifting of government regulations to allow the market to function more freely
devaluation 贬值
a reduction in the rate of exchange between one currency and other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system
developed countries 发达国家或工业化国家
the wealthiest nations in the world, including Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减
the principle that says that as an individual consumes more and more of a good, each successive unit increases her utility, or enjoyment, less and less
dividends 股息
that portion of corporate profits paid out to shareholders
downward rigidity of wages 工资下降刚性
the situation that exists when wages do not fall quickly in response to a shift in the demand or supply curve for labor, resulting in an excess supply of labor
dual economy 二元经济
the separation in many LDCs between an impoverished rural sector and an urban sector that has higher wages and more advanced technology
duopoly 双头垄断
an industry with only two firms
durable goods 耐用品
goods that provide a service over a number of years, such as cars, major appliances, and furniture
dynamic consistency 动态一致性
a policy is said to have dynamic consistency when government announces a course of
《MBA专业术语汇总》 - 10 -
MBA专业术语汇总中英文
