Introduction
Haze is a combination of fog and haze. Because of the deterioration of air quality, haze weather phenomenon increased, aggravating the damage. In china, many areas the haze weather phenomenon into the mist as early warning and forecasting disastrous weather. Collectively referred to as the \
In fact, fog and haze is very different from a certain point of view. For example: the presence of fog haze appeared moist air; air is relatively dry, air relative humidity is below 60%.
The cause of its formation is due to a large number of very small particles of dust, soot, salt and evenly floating in the air, so that the effective horizontal visibility to less than 10KM air mixed erosion phenomenon. Diurnal variation of haze is generally not obvious. When there is no big change, air mass is stable, sustained over a long period of time, sometimes 10 days more sustainable.
Because of the haze, fog, sand dust storm, blowing sand, dust, smoke and other weather phenomena, is floating in the air a lot of very fine particles of dust or smoke particles caused the effective horizontal visibility to less than 10KM.Sometimes the meteorological professionals are difficult to distinguish. Must be combined with the weather background, sky conditions, air humidity, color, odor and satellite monitoring of such factors as the comprehensive analysis and judgment, to draw the right conclusions, but the weather phenomenon of fog and haze are sometimes interchangeable.
Haze harmful to human body after inhalation of the human respiratory tract, long-term inhalation of severe cases can lead to death.
Background
? The haze weather appear in Beijing again
The 28 day, after the National Day holiday in Beijing after the most obvious haze weather, air quality reached again more serious pollution level. Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau staff said, Beijing have been the first to start heavy air pollution emergency plan blue warning.
In the afternoon on 27th, Beijing see the haze again, Beijing meteorological observatory when release haze yellow warning signal. On 28th, pollution degree gradually increase, air quality and visibility is poor. With the continued calm weather, the pollution degree and the region continued to increase and spread. On the afternoon of the same day, the sky is grey, more air quality reached the serious pollution level. Beijing city environmental protection monitoring center issued a heavy pollution tip says,PM2.5 concentration in each region of Beijing to maintain the severe pollution level, to remind the public to shorten the time to stay outdoors and to avoid going out.
? Definition of haze weather
Fog is fog, haze is haze. Fog appeared often in autumn and winter. When the cold air is not very strong in the fog, fog is neither the cause of the pollution, also is not the
result of pollution. The fog is basically harmless. But not haze. Haze is caused by human factors of pollution. It refers to the sending out to the particles in the air. These particles, such as dust particles, after combustion produces all kinds of tiny particles. In fact, the haze weather continued, air quality to drop, isn't this year a new phenomenon. In recent years, every autumn and winter, especially, after the winter of central and eastern regions in China from time to time to meet such a situation, both the weather reason, also have pollution emissions.
Causes of haze weather
? horizontal static wind phenomenon
At the first increase the horizontal direction the phenomenon of static wind. With the rapid development of city construction, the building was built higher, increasing the ground friction coefficient, so that the air flows through the town significantly weakened. Increasing the static wind phenomenon, is not conducive to pollutant extended to outlying City dilution, and easy to accumulate high concentrations of pollution in urban areas.
? vertical temperature inversion
Second is perpendicular to the direction of the inversion phenomenon. Inversion layer like a lid covering over the city, the city appeared above the inversion phenomenon than the low altitude temperature higher. Pollutants under normal weather conditions, diffusion from low temperature to high temperature and low altitude, gradually cycle emissions into the atmosphere. But the inversion phenomenon, low temperature is much lower, and pollutant retention, can not be timely discharged out. ? suspended particles
Finally, Increase of suspended particulate matter. In recent years, with the development of industry, motor vehicles increasing, emission of pollutants and the city a large number of suspended solids increased, resulted in reduced visibility, which makes the whole city looks gray.
Haze formation and pollutant emissions are closely related, motor vehicle exhaust in the city as well as other carbon source discharge diameter in the fine particles of micron, stays in the atmosphere, when the temperature inversion, static wind is not conducive to the spread of the weather, that's formation of haze.
Lead to the decrease of the quality of the air pollution of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, ozone, etc. In some areas, especially in big cities, industrial production, construction, motor vehicle exhaust emissions of harmful material such as coal, winter heating is difficult to spread, leading to a significant reduction in air quality. Particulate matter of PM10 and PM2.5 is the primary pollutants. PM2.5 is what? Is we the air, and sometimes there are some suspended particles and pollutants, you say this flying sand weather, sandstorm was not the PM2.5 particles, its PM value often above the PM10, the 10 refers to 10 microns in diameter particles. PM2.5 refers to the equal to 2.5 micron in diameter or particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers. Such particles with invisible to the
naked eye, but the particle damage is very big, one is itself, it is often by combustion, chemical products and mineral products of combustion, you like the burning oil, coal, bring the dust, these things belong to toxic substances.
Influences of haze weather
Fog or haze is a disaster weather, have great influence on the highway, railway, aviation, shipping, power supply system, the growth of crops. Fog, haze will cause decline in air quality, affecting the ecological environment, bring great harm to human health.
Fog, haze weather, the air will often with bacteria and viruses, easy to cause the spread of infectious diseases and diseases. City air pollutants is not easy to spread, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide oxides increased nitrogen substances, toxic, harmful to human health. Heavy fog, haze weather in winter, when the air pollution may form smoke (FOG) or black smoke and mist, a serious threat to the life and health of human beings. Due to human activities increase of pollutants in the atmosphere, in some areas of China industrial area and the city centre district of fog, haze occurrence frequency and intensity increased.
? The harm to the human body
1. Haze weather, more harm to health. The particle size of 2.5 micron dust is
sucked into the human body will directly into the bronchus, pulmonary gas exchange cause interference, including asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases.
2. The particle can also enter the blood through the bronchi and alveoli, harmful
gas, the heavy metals dissolved in the blood, which is very harmful to human health.
3. The haze weather can also cause ultraviolet near formation weakened, will
directly lead to high incidence of rickets in children, and the infectious bacteria in the air easily enhanced activity. ? The impact on the economy
1. The first is hampered by a number of production of normal activity. According
to the first financial daily, because air pollution every year in economic losses, disease cost the equivalent of 1.2% of GDP Based on, willingness to pay estimates are as high as 3.8% based on.
2. The second in the haze weather soon, there are many supporting environmental
stock trading.
? The effect The impact on traffic
Fog is visibility obstacles, a lot of particles suspended in the air, so that the effective visibility low, for people to travel to bring adverse effect, increase the incidence of traffic accidents.
? Damage to agricultural production
The concentration of dust particles in the air is too large, will make the plant increase burdened, thus affecting the respiration of plants.
The haze weather caused the air flow, and cover the sun, then affect the photosynthesis, is not conducive to the growth of plants.
Solutions
? Government
Backward environmental protection system construction and lax law enforcement environment
A considerable part of law enforcement personnel is not within the staffing sequence, these temporary hires is actually rely on penalties to \more fines, law enforcement officers was created using payment for pollution profit model. The protection of these polluting enterprises, means that the preservation of their own \livelihoods. Under this social background, the environmental pressure could not be more and more big? The relevant departments of the government should be unified allocation of administrative staff wages, the various administrative funds into the financial budget to ensure, to realize the true meaning of the \expenditure\Increase the environmental law enforcement fundamentally, must also make the rules, punish law enforcement personnel dereliction of duty.
City heating, household metering need to promote, Vehicle emissions and closed or transfer of energy-intensive enterprises
Air pollution incidents in the area north of China swept across the central city, central heating chimney pollutants emissions can not be ignored. Heating pollution, it seems inevitable, the total can not prevent pollution without heating. But in fact, we can take some measures to make the heating efficiency is higher, less waste, so as to reduce emissions of pollutants. The severe haze weather has not hitherto unknown, once again sounded the alarm of nature, but a more severe punishment. How to reduce the heat emission, the government cannot let them follow one's inclinations, is a hard wrist, promoting a form of household metering. At the same time, we should close some very Severe pollution enterprises.
The government should push the bus system better
Most of the time the car is also a helpless choice -- the bus number, environment, operation time is short, peak hit hard, no shuttle bus and so on, can say, private cars are popular, city public traffic lag results.
The government should build perfect the city public transportation system, \should be continue ,Compared with private cars, public transport has obviously superiority in environmental protection. Relevant experts, according to 100 passengers, the use of public transport can be reduced up to 15 times. In addition, public transportation can effectively reduce the occupying space, to \is also very obvious, and vehicle emissions in the traffic jam during the exhaust are equally amazing.
? Business
First is control the source of pollution , not in the city to build better atmosphere heavy pollution enterprises, to eliminate backward technology and equipment; Second
is to control the serious air pollution enterprises, do less exhaust gas; then to promote the use of natural gas, hydropower, wind power, nuclear power and solar power and other clean energy, minimize the use of coal, heavy oil and waste and other polluting fuels; Next is to control pollution of domestic, catering lampblack confidential time washing, dry cleaning machine closed operation, prevent the construction and road dust through the sprinkler operation mode; Finally is to pay attention to the agricultural and rural pollution, can not open burning straw and garbage, less use of pesticides and fertilizers ? Individual
In outdoor pollution is more serious, the number of ventilation will decrease accordingly. Wearing a mask, reducing smoking, Improving stove combustion efficiency, reduce the solid fuel use, Using the filtered air purifier, A variety of green plants and reduce the use private cars, more use public transport. Protect environment is everyone's responsibility, we should actively participate in tree planting activities. This can help reduce pollution effectly. Life as much as possible energy saving, do not waste, especially for electric and gas. We should not only education our children pay attention to protect our environment but to show them how to protect it better.
Our suggestions
? We can do these thing to protect ourselves
1. Avoid foggy morning. The amount of oxygen needed by the body to increase the morning exercise, along with the deeper breathing, the harmful substances can be inhaled in the respiratory tract, thereby endangering the health. Can be modified in the sun after the morning exercises. Can also be changed to indoor exercise. Projections from the sun out of time, time winter outdoor exercise good section is at 9.
2. Don't close the window too strict. Have the kitchen fume pollution, pollution will be home furniture additives, such as not ventilation, indoor air pollution will also be a health hazard. Can choose the time noon sunnier, fewer pollutants of short time window ventilation.
3. Reduce to go outside. When the fog weather, to minimize out. If you have to go out, it is best to wear a mask. Wearing a mask is more important for allergic asthma are, mask can prevent some dust mite allergy source into the nasal cavity, play a protective role. Try to stay away from the road. The rush hour and evening large cars into the city of these time periods, the highest concentration of pollutants.
4. Drink tea, These tea can pharyngeal itching prevention fog inhalation caused by dirty air, good effect of lungs. Especially in the afternoon to drink better. Because the most foggy morning, noon almost ended, more people in the dust and debris from the morning inhalation, the afternoon drinking can timely clearing.
5. Calcium, vitamin D, eat tofu, pear. Fish and tofu are people like food, fish is the \nutrients, both medicine and food tofu, calcium content is quite high. Vitamin D rich fish has biological activity, the body's calcium absorption rate 20 times. Sydney stew one can reach the lungs and antiviral effects, fog can eat. ? What should the government to do
To improve the energy structure, Implement pollution accountability, For large
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