Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. These tools can help you win every argument – not in the unhelpful sense of
beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments – from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding – then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument. B. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie
wrote: “There is only one way … to get the best of an argument – and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives – and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place. C. None of this will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time
you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
英语（一）试题 -11-（共 14 页）
D. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful
not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side. E. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the
minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers. F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as
a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win – in one way. G. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often
think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions – like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
41. → 42. → F → 43. → 44. → C → 45. 英语（一）试题 -12-（共 14 页）
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.
(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours. Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science. 英语（一）试题 -13-（共 14 页）
Section III Writing
Part A 51. Directions:
Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points) Part B 52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and 3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
途 中
英语（一）试题 -14-（共 14 页）
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试
○英语（一）试题参考答案○
Ⅰ．英语知识运用 1. A 6. D 11. C 16. B Ⅱ．阅读理解 A节 21. B 26. B 31. A 36. C B节 41. B C节
46. 医学期刊中充斥着这类无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊传播，就会引起
健康方面的恐慌和对某些饮食的短暂追捧。
47. 今天，任何一个科研岗位的申请者需要发表文章的数量比短短十年前申报同一岗位
时整整翻了一番。
48. 为遏制这一倾向已经采取了若干措施，比如在评定岗位申请者的论文时，尝试引入
一项兼顾数量和质量的评估指标。
英语（一）试题 -15-（共 14 页）
42. G
43. E
44. D
45. A
22. D 27. D 32. B 37. D
23. C 28. A 33. C 38. B
24. A 29. C 34. D 39. A
25. C 30. D 35. A 40. B
2. C 7. B 12. D 17. C
3. D 8. A 13. B 18. A
4. B 9. C 14. A 19. D
5. C 10. B 15. D 20. A
(完整word版)2019考研英语一真题及参考答案
