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讲义编号：
虚拟语气 知识梳理
虚拟语气是高中学习阶段的重点之一，也是高考的考点。本章节
对虚拟语气做了一个全面系统的总结回顾，特别是虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的情况，是高考重点，但有时也有不在非真条件句中的情况。希望能帮助同学理清头绪，梳理知识，更好地掌握虚拟语气的用法。 一. 虚拟语气的的结构
句子的语气分为四种：陈述、疑问、祈使和虚拟。当表达一种纯然假象或者主观愿望时，动词需要一种特殊形式，称为虚拟语气。形式上大致分为三类：
1）现在虚拟语气 —— 主要用动词原形，判断现在虚拟或是陈述很简单，虚拟语气动词是原形， 当遇上陈述句中动词原形和虚拟语气时，根据句意判断：
God bless you. 愿上帝保佑你。
It is essential that the ban be lifted. 接触禁令至关重要。 She petitioned the king that her father be pardoned. 她恳求国王赦免她的父亲。
2）过去虚拟语气 —— 和陈述语气的过去式相同，但动词be要用were形式，当用虚拟语气时，经常有提示词，如， imagine, as though, if only：
Imagine your child played truant. 设想你的孩子逃学。
She treated me as though I were a stranger. 她待我如陌生人。 If only I were not so nervous. 我要是不那么紧张就好了。
3）过去完成形式 —— 和陈述语气中的过去完成时相同，同样在判断虚拟语气时，也会出现一些关键词，如，I wish, if, 等：
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I wish I hadn’t done so. 但愿我没这样做。
If I had seen her, I would have told her. 如果我见到她，我就会告诉她了。 If only I had listened to your advice. 我要是听了你的劝告就好了。 有些情态动词，特别是shold, would, might, could常用在虚拟语气。 二. 虚拟语气在非真实（虚拟）条件句中
包含条件从句的句子都是条件句，有些条件句是可能实现的，如， If I have time I’ll come over to see you. 如果我有时间我就来看你。 If you are waiting a bus you’d better join the quene. 如果你是在等车，你最好排队。
I won’t go to the party unless they invite me. 除非他们邀请我，否则我不会参加这个晚会。
这些条件句称为真实条件句。另外有一些条件句表示纯然假象的情况，称为非真实（虚拟）条件句，在这类条件句汇总谓语动词就需要用虚拟语气：
If I had enough money, I would buy a computer. 如果我有足够的钱，我将买一台电脑。（但我没有）。
If you had arrived a little earlier, you would have seen her. 你要是早来一会儿就见到她了。 形式见下表： 虚拟语气 现在 虚拟条件句 If+主语+动词过去式（be-were） 主句 主语例句 If I were you, I’d plan some trees rould the house. +should/would/could/might+do 过去 If+主语+had+过去分词 主语She would have said more if he had not walked away. +should/would/could/might +have+done 将来 1. If+主语+did 主语If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next 2. If+主语+were +should/would/to+do
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3. If+主语Monday. +should+do 三. 特别注意：
1）当条件句表示的行为和主句的发生时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如，
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. 如果你刚才听了我的建议，你现在就好多了。
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now. 如果你以前好好学习的话，你现在就是他学生了。
2）if省略句。在条件句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。如， If I were at school again, I would study harder. → Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力地学习。
If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus. → Had you come earlier, you would have caught he bus. 如果你来的早些，你就能赶上公车。
→ If if should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去登山了。
注意：若省略的条件句中谓语动词是否定形式，不能用动词的缩略形式。 √ Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. × Weren’t it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.
3) 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用介词有with, without, but for，常用在对过去的虚拟的条件句中，意思是“要不是”。如，
What would you do with a million dollars(= if you had a million dollars)? 如果你有100万美元，你会做什么？
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
= But for your help,... = If it had not been for your help,... = Had it not been for your help,...
要不是你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
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4）含蓄条件句
有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如，
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)
我那天病了。否则，我就参加运动会了。
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.（连词）
他打电话通知我你的生日了，否则，我对此一无所知。
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about 3 days.（定语从句） 一个不喝水的人在3天内就会死亡。
I should give you more help, but I was too busy.（连词，如果主语是第一人称时，也可用should构成谓语。）
我本应多帮助你，但我（那时）太忙了。
5）even if, even though也可用于引导虚拟语气，其形式和If从句在虚拟语气中相同。 四. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用 1）宾语从句
Wish+宾语从句（虚拟语气），其形式为： 过去式（宾语从句动作与wish同时） 过去完成时（宾语从句动作先去wish）
Could/would/might+do，即过去将来时（宾语从句动作后于wish） I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday. 此外，用于if only+句子=How I wish+that从句，如
If only I had apologized! = How I wish (that) I had apologized!
2）用于强烈建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中，常见的动词有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise等。从句中虚拟语气的结构为“should+do”，should可以省略。如，
He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. 他建议我们第二天早点出发。
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She insisted that Jennie send her to dancing school. 他坚持要珍妮送她进舞蹈学校。
He asks that he be given an opportunity to explain his case. 他坚持给他机会解释他的情况。
注意：当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气。如，
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
3）在would rather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其构成为would rather sb.+did/had done，如，
“Do you mind if I smoke here?” “I’d rather you didn’t.” “我在此抽烟你介意吗？” “我倒是希望你别抽。”
I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it. 我宁愿你别问我那个问题。 4）用于主语从句中
It is desired /suggested/ proposed/ recommended /necessary /important /strange /natrual /a pity /essential+that 从句，从句谓语动词用“should+do”，should可以省略。如，
It was intended that she be the candidate. 打算让你作候选人。
It was suggested that the meeting be put off till next week. 人们建议会议推迟到下周。
It is strange that he (should) have acted toward his parents like that. （从句谓语动词发生在主语谓语动词之前，要用”should+have done”） 真奇怪他竟然那样对他父母。 5）用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是”should+do”，should可以省略。如， My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it. 我的意见是在接受之前要反复考虑。 五．As if (as though)用在虚拟语气中
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高中虚拟语气讲义
