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高考英语(江西专用)一轮复习语法专项:介词与介词短语

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2015高考英语(江西专用)

一轮复习语法专项:介词与介词短语

考点一 表进行意义的四类介词短语 1.at+名词

He was at dinner when I came. 我来时他正在吃饭。

She stayed at work when everybody else had gone home. 别人都回家了,她却还在工作。 类似的还有: at play在玩耍 at lunch在吃午饭 at rest在休息 at table在吃饭 at school在上学 at church在做礼拜 at peace在和平时期 at press在排印

有些结构可能带有冠词或物主代词: at one's meals在吃饭 at one's study在学习 at the piano在弹钢琴 at the end of...在……结束时 [考题印证] (2012·全国Ⅱ)100℃ is the temperature ________which water will boil.

A.for B.at C.on D.of

解析:由于本句中的which指代上文的100℃,表示“在多少度”应用介词at。故选B项。 答案:B 2.in+名词

He's been in politics all his life. 他一生从政。

Her husband was in business. 她丈夫是经商的。

He looks tired. He is in need of a rest. 他看起来累了,需要休息一下。 类似的还有: in action在运转 in progress在进行中 in operation在运行中 有些结构可能带有冠词: in the course of...在……过程中 in the act of...正在做……时

[考题印证] (2011·北京)With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken ________ color.

A. by B. for C. with D. in 解析:by“通过……”,表示方式、手段;for“为了”,表示目的;with“和……”,表示状态;in“以……,用……”,表示所用的原料、材料,in color“用彩色,以彩色”。句意:有了新的技术,水下山谷的照片可以照成彩色的。 答案:D 3.on+名词

Are you here on business or for pleasure? 你是来办事还是来玩?

The typist is away on holiday this week. 打字员本周去休假了。

The man on watch didn't notice the danger. 值班的人没有注意到这危险。 类似的还有: on guard在执勤 on leave在休假 on strike在罢工 on sale出售

on loan(画或书等)暂借(的) 有些结构可能带有冠词: on the march在行军 on the watch注意,提防 on the increase正在增加

on the go十分活跃;非常忙碌 on (the) air正在广播 [考题印证] (2011·四川)Nick, it's good for you to read some books ________ China before you start your trip there.

A.in B.for C.of D.on

解析:on在此表示“关于”。句意:尼克,在你去中国旅游前,看看有关中国的书对你有好处。 答案:D

4.under+名词(名词前有时有冠词修饰)

Don't worry. Everything is under control. 别担心,一切都在控制之中。

That has no relation to the matter under discussion. 那和讨论的问题没有关系。 类似的还有:

under development在发展中 under observation在观察中 under test在被测试

under construction在建设中 under fire在炮火中

under examination在检查(调查)中 under consideration在考虑中

under repair在修理中 [考题印证]

It is said children ________ six years old are admitted free. A.of B.with C.under D.over

解析:句意:6岁以下的儿童免费进入。 答案:C

考点二 几个易混介词的区别 1.at,in,on表示地点

at指较小的地方,用于门牌号码前。

in一般指较大的地方。商店、学校、机关等,若看作一个地点,或一个场所,虽然小,如果说话人住在那里,也可以用。如: He was standing at the door. 他正站在门边。 I work in the shop. 我在商店上班。

on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上,在……旁”。如: The picture is hanging on the wall. 这张画挂在墙上。

Nanjing is on the Changjiang River. 南京在长江边上。

2.in,to,on用在方位名词前

in表示在范围之内的地方 to表示在范围之外的地方 on表示两地接壤

Shanghai lies in the east of China and to the north of Guangdong. 上海位于中国东部,广东北部。 [考题印证] (2012·北京重点高中尖子生综合素质展示)Living with cancer has made her realize how important it is to take every chance to live her life ________ the fullest. A.at B.on C.to D.with

解析:句意:身患痛症让她意识到利用每一次机会把人生过得最充实是多么重要。to the fullest表示;“最充分地”,是固定结构。 答案:C

3.near,by,beside表示“在附近”

near表示相对的“近”,实际距离可能还很远。如: The small child was afraid to go near the dog. 那小孩子不敢靠近那条狗。

by和beside都表示“靠近”,实际距离可能不是很远,beside比by更具体表示“在……旁边”。如: She was standing beside her mother. 她正站在她母亲旁边。

Come here and get warm by the fire. 过来,烤火暖和一下。 4.from,out of表来源

二者均表示来源或出处。from注重起点,意为“从……”;out of侧重于从里向外,意为“从……

里出来”。如:

The shouting of the soldiers' drilling could be heard from the playground. 从操场上传来了士兵训练的呐喊声。

She took the passport out of her handbag and showed it to the policeman. 她从手提包里拿出了护照并把它出示给警察看。 5.by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式

(1)by用在不涉及交通工具的名词前时,其前不带冠词。如:by sea,by air,by water,by land,by rail等。 (2)by用在涉及交通工具的名词前时,此名词须用单数,其前面不加冠词或修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等。

(3)当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:travel to New York in this plane, leave on an early train, go to school on my bike等。 说明:步行、骑马用on。如:on foot,on horseback,on a horse等。 6.with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式

(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。如: They are digging with spade. 他们在用铁锹挖地。

We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. 我们用眼睛看东西,用耳朵听事,用腿走路。

(2)by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如:by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the radio,through the telescope等。 You can order tickets by telephone. 你可以用电话订票。

说明:①使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示。如:in English/Japanese,in blue ink等。 ②表达“用……方法/式”时,所用介词分别为: in this/that/the same way by means of

by this/that means with this/that method [考题印证] ①(2012·北京)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?

A.at B.on C.to D.across

解析:由“the shoulders”可以看出是指表面上双肩之间的距离,所以用across。故选D。 答案:D

②—How can I reserve the tickets?

—________ phone. A.On B.With C.By D.In 解析:by phone意思是“通过电话”,即通过电话订票。 答案:C

考点三 介词(短语)的固定搭配

1.for与of表示不定式复合结构的逻辑主语

(1)It is+adj.+of sb. to do sth.=Sb.+be+adj.+to do sth.

当形容词是表示人的属性的词汇时,用of。常见的形容词有kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,

foolish,considerate,polite,impolite,cruel等。如:

It is kind of them to help support the poor students.=They are kind to help support the poor students. 他们帮助抚养贫困生真是太好了。 (2)It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.

当形容词是表示事物的客观属性的词汇时,用for。常见的形容词有important,necessary,possible,impossible等。如:

It is quite important for us to protect our environment. 对我们来说,保护环境相当重要。 2.as,like的用法

两个词都有“像……”的意思,as为连词,后面接句子;like为介词,后面接名词、代词等;当前面有such时,后面用as。此外as作介词时,还有“作为……”等意思。如: Do as he does.(后面跟句子,美国人也常说Do like he does.)像他这样来做。 I have the same dictionary as you (have). 我和你有同样的词典。 She looks like her father. 她长得像她父亲。

Adult as she is, her mother always treats her as a child.

虽然她已长大成人,但她妈妈总是像对待孩子那样对待她。 He worked as a cashier in a bank. 他在一家银行干过出纳。 3.at,from,in的有关表达 (1)at:at dawn“拂晓”;at daybreak“拂晓”;at sunrise“日出时”;at sunset/sundown“日落时”;at noon“中

午”;at dusk“黄昏”;at night“夜晚”;at home“在家”;at table“在用餐”;at school“在上学”;at college“在上大学”;at risk“有危险,冒风险”;at last“最后”;at rest“静止不动”。

(2)from:from memory“凭记忆”;from cover to cover“从头至尾”;from day to day“日复一日”;from

beginning to end“从头到尾”;from head to foot“从头到脚”。 (3)in:in high/poor/bad spirits“情绪高涨/低落”;in tears“热泪盈眶”;in fear“在恐惧中”;in danger“在

危险中”;in peace“和平相处”;in safety“很安全”;in need“被需要”;in good order“很整齐”;in silence“静静地”;in good health“身体好”;in a fever“在发烧”;in love“热恋中”;in public“在公共场所”;in doubt“有疑问”;in print“在印刷”;in flower“在开花”。 [考题印证] (2012·天津十二区县联考)This football player was accused of taking money for not scoring goals

________. A.by chance B.on end C.in turn D.on purpose 解析:句意:这名足球运动员被指控拿了钱故意不进球。on purpose“故意地”,符合题意。by chance“偶

然地”;on end“连续地”;in turn“依次,反过来”。 答案:D

强 化 训 练

1.(2013·海淀区期末,22)The Boston Marathon bombings killed 3 people, including a Chinese citizen

________ Shenyang. A.in B.from C.across D.to

高考英语(江西专用)一轮复习语法专项:介词与介词短语

2015高考英语(江西专用)一轮复习语法专项:介词与介词短语考点一表进行意义的四类介词短语1.at+名词HewasatdinnerwhenIcame.我来时他正在吃饭。Shestayedatworkwheneverybodyelsehadgonehome.别人
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