路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索 - 百度文库
Linguistics' notes
第一周
Chapter 1 Introduction . 1. Definition of language
*Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. ? Language is a system. ? Language is arbitrary. ? Language is vocal.
? Language is human-specific.
2. Design features of language
? ? ? ? ?
Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 Duality 双重性
Displacement 移位性
Cultural transmission 文化传播性
3. Functions of language(Halliday)
? The ideational 概念功能 to organize language user's experience of the word. ? The interpersonal 人际功能 to establish/maintain social relationship. ? The textual 语篇功能 to organize texts in a coherent and appropriate way.
第二周
1. Definition of linguistics
*Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.----general linguistics.
Scientific study of language.
2. The branches of linguistics
? Phonetics语音学--the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified @研究发音，自然属性，无序的语音
? Phonology音系学--the study of how sounds form systems and functions to convey meaning @研究音间联系，注重功能，有序的语音
? Morphology形态学、词法--the study of the form off words @涉及词语的内部组织，研究词语的最小单位-语素
? Syntax句法学--the study of how words and phrases are combined to form sentences @研究如何组词成句，形成、理解正确的句子
? Semantics语义学--the study of meaning(in abstraction) @研究词语的意义如何在语音中编码 11
? Pragmatics语用学--the study of meaning in context of use @特定情景中的特定话语的理解和运用
? Historical linguistics历史语言学--the study of language change.
? Sociolinguistics社会语言学--the study of language with reference to society
? Psycholinguistics心理语言学--the study of language with reference to the working of
the mind.
? Applied linguistics应用语言学--the study of applying linguistic findings to the solution
of practical problems.@广义-实践，狭义-教学研究
3. Some important distinctions in linguistics
1) Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
Prescriptive规定式--to aims to lay down rules for \做规定
Descriptive描写式--to describe and analyze the language people actually use.@写现象 Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.
2）Synchronic vs. Diachronic
Synchronic共时--the description of a language at some point of time in history.@语言在特定时间点上的研究
Diachronic历时--the description of a language as it changes through time.@语言随时间演变的研究
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic.
3) Speech vs. Writing
Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary. ? Linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing;
? the amount of information, speech is more than writing; ? the learning of mother tongue, speech first,writing later.
4) Langue and Parole
Their distinction was made by the Swiss linguist F. De Saussure.
Langue语言--the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.@抽象的。规范的语言系统
Parole言语-- the realization of langue in actual use.@特定情景，个人对语言的应用
5) Competence and Performance
Their distinction was proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky.
Competence语言能力--the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.@人对语言系统的理解
Performance语言应用--the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.@人对语言系统的真实应用
{The difference between Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's:
Saussure's distinction-- a sociological view of language, a matter of social convention.
Chomsky's distinction--a psychological point of view, a property of the mind of each
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individual.}
6) Traditional grammar and modern linguistics
The beginning of modern linguistics--the publication of F. De Saussure's book \course in general Linguistics\
F. De Saussure is called the father of modern linguistics.
? Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive;
? Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary; traditional grammarians
tended to emphasize the importance of the written word;
? Modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
第三周
Chapter 2 Phonology音系学 1. Definition of phonetics语音学
Three branches of phonetics:
? Articulatory phonetics发音语音学：studying how a speaker uses his or her speech
organ to articulate the sounds.研究语音的产生
? Auditory phonetics听觉语音学：studying how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
研究语音的感知
? Acoustic phonetics声学语音学：studying how sounds are transmitted through the air
from one person to another.研究语音的物理特征 2. Organs of speech
? The pharyngeal cavity---the throat;咽腔 ? The oral cavity---the mouth;口腔 ? The nasal cavity---the nose.鼻腔
3. Orthographic representation of speech sounds标音法
1)International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)国际音标
The IPA is using on letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.
2)Two ways to transcribe speech sounds: Broad transcription宽式标音
Narrow transcription严式标音---有添加附加符号（diacritics)
3)Classification of English speech sounds语音分类
An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in english into two broad categories:vowels元音&consonants辅音 （元音和辅音的区别在于气流是否受阻）
In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
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新编简明英语语言学上课重点
