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英语十大词类与八大句子成分
一、十大词类
根据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用,可把英语单词分为十大词类:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。 根据不同词类所具有的共同特征,又将十大词类分为两大部分: 1.实词:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。 特征:具有完整的词义;能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。 2.虚词:冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。
特征:没有完整的意思;不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分,必须和实词搭配,才能充当句子成分。
十大词类和八大句子成分
汉语 名称 名词 代词 数词 动词 形容词 副词 冠词 英语名称 n. (noun) 用途 表示人或事物的名称 例词 boy, book I, it, their two, third work, ran red, long, old here, often, weekly a, an, the in, after, under, on and, but, because oh, ouch 句法作用 主、表、宾、补、定、同 主、表、补、定、同 主、表、宾、定、同 主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状 表、定、补 表、状 实pron. (pronoun) 代替名词、形容词或数词 num. (numeral) v. (verb) adj. (adjective) adv. (adverb) art. (article) prep. (preposition) conj. (conjunction) interj. (interjection) 表示数量和顺序 表示动作或状态 修饰名词,表示人、物的特征 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 用在名词前,说明名词指的人、物 表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系 连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子 表示说话时的感情或 口气 词 虚 介词 连词 词 感叹词 学习必备 欢迎下载
二、八大句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
Ⅰ. 主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. (名词)
We often speak English in class. (代词)
One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式) Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词) The rich should help the poor. (名词化的形容词)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式) 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。 1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如: He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语:
You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are students. Ⅱ. 谓语
谓语的构成如下:
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:
(2)由连系动词加表语构成。如:
Ⅲ. 表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is an American. (名词) Is it yours? (代词)
The weather has turned cold. (形容词) The speech is exciting. (分词)
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Three times seven is twenty-one? (数词) His job is to teach English. (不定式) His hobby is playing football. (动名词) The machine must be out of order. (介词短语) The truth is that he has never been abroad. (表语从句)
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如: They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. (代词) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词) He pretended not to see me. (不定式短语) I enjoy listening to popular music. (动名词短语) I think (that) he is fit for his office. (宾语从句) 宾语的种类:
Lend me your dictionary, please. They elected him their monitor.
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等形式表示: Guilin is a beautiful city. (形容词)
China is a developing country; America is a developed country. (分词) There are thirty women teachers in our school. (名词) His rapid progress in English made us surprised. (代词)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. (不定式短语) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. (动名词) He is reading an article about how to learn English. (介词短语)
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可Light travels most quickly. (副词及副词性词组) He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语)
Time is up. The class is over. (副词)
Ⅳ. 宾语
(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如: (2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:
Ⅴ. 定语
Ⅵ. 状语
由以下形式表示: