8、May I sit here?----- Yes, please.\\Sorry, please don’t. 9、May I have some Coke?---- Yes, of course.
10、May/ Could / Can I speak to Tom? -----Speaking. Who’s calling? 11、should 、shouldn’t 表示劝告:
1) He should get up early. 2) She shouldn’t play computer game too much. 12、Should +主语 +动词原形? Yes, ~ should.\\ No, ~ shouldn’t. 13、表示建议“你愿意…吗”
Would you like to go shopping with me? -----Yes, I’d love to. /I’d love to. But I’m busy now. 14、就餐用语Would you like something to eat\\drink? ----Yes, I’d like…
15、shall用于第一人称(I, we), 可以表示“将”和表示建议 “……好吗?”
1) Where shall we have dinner? 2) Shall we go fishing? -----All right. \\OK. \\Good idea. 16、Must + 主语 + 动词原形? ---Yes,~ must.\\No, ~ needn’t.
第八章 五种语法汇总
第一节 现在进行时态
一、概念
表示正在发生的事情或动作,常和now,look,listen连用。如:We are listening to music now. 我们现在正在听音乐。Listen! He is playing the piano. 听!他正在弹钢琴。
二、句子结构
1.be + 动词现在分词(即:动词-ing形式),be + doing 是一个整体,不能分开。 2.be 随着主语的变化而变化,doing的变化规则根据现在分词的变化规律来定。 三、动词现在分词的构成规律
1.一般情况下,在动词原形后直接加-ing; 如:work→working do→doing play→playing 2.以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing; 如:dance→dancing come→coming 3.在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)的动词中,要先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing; 如:get→getting shop→shopping run→running swim→swimming 4.以ie结尾的重读闭音节词,将ie改成y再加ing。如:lie→lying die→dying 四、现在进行时的各种句式变化 1.否定句
方法:直接在be的后面加not。如: They are running. →They are not running. 2.一般疑问句
方法:直接把be放在主语的前面,其余位置不变。如:They are running. →Are they runnin? 3.特殊疑问句
方法:如果就划线部分提问事情或动作时,用What…doing?
如:They are swimming in the sea now. →What are they doing in the sea now?
第二节 一般现在时态
一、概念
1.表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。如:always, usually, often, sometimes,
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seldom(很少), never(决不), every day, at 8:30, on Sunday,in the morning等。
如:I always get up at 6:00 in the morning. 2.表示现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
如:She loves English very much. My sister can play the piano very well. 3.表示客观的事实。 如:The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 4.格言或警句。 如:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 二、句子结构
1.如果句子主语的人称是I, we, you, they或复数名词时,动词用动词原形。 如:We often go home by bus.
2.如果句子的主语是第三人称单数,即:he, she, it 或单数名词时,动词要用第三人称的单数形式。 如:He often goes home by bus. 三、动词的第三人称单数构成规则 1.一般情况下在动词的后面直接加“s”;
如:work→works play→plays? rain→rains see→sees visit→visits 2.以o, x,s,sh, ch结尾的动词,在后面加“es”;
如:do→does fix→fixes guess→guesses wash→washes teach→teaches 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先把 “y” 改为 “i”, 再加“es”; 如:fly→flies study→studies carry→carries 4.不规则变化。 如:have→has 四、注意
在一般现在时的句子中,如果前面使用了助动词does, doesn’t, will, won’t, can, can’t, would, wouldn’t, must, mustn’t 等,尽管主语是第三人称单数,后面的动词用动词原形。
如:He doesn’t want to go shopping. He can sing the song. 五、一般现在时的一般疑问句
一般现在时的一般疑问句是把助动词do, 或does 放在句首来引导。
1、如果句子的主语是I, we, you, they或复数名词时,用do来引导,其余句子的位置不变。肯定回答:Yes, I/we/they do. 否定回答:No, I/we/they don’t.
如:They go to school by bus every day. →Do they go to school by bus every day?
→Yes, they do.(肯定回答) →No, they don’t.(否定回答)
2、如果句子的主语是he, she, it 或单数名词时,用does 来引导,其余句子的位置不变,但是要把原来句子中的动词第三人称单数形式,改为动词原形。肯定回答:Yes, he/she/it does. 否定回答: No, he/she/it doesn’t.
如:He often goes to school by bike. →Does he often go to school by bike? →Yes, he does. (肯定回答) →No, he doesn’t. (否定回答) 六、一般现在时的否定句
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1.如果句子的主语是I, we, you, they或复数名词时,则在主语的后面加don’t。 如: We always go to school on foot. →We don’t always go to school on foot.
2.如果句子的主语是he, she, it或单数名词时,则在主语的后面加doesn’t 。但是要把原来句子中的动词第三人称单数形式,改为动词原形。
如:He often goes to school by bike. →He doesn’t often go to school by bike.
第三节 一般将来时态
一、概念
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。一般将来时由助动词shall(第一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称,一律用will。
二、一般将来时的形式
●will 常简略为 'll,并与主语连写在一起,如:I'll,he'll,it'll,we'll,you'll,they'll。 ●一般疑问句如用Will you…?其简略答语须是Yes,I will或 No,I will not;如用 Shall you…?(较少见)其简略答语须是 Yes,I shall.或 No, I shall not.。
三、一般将来时的用法 1)表示将来的动作或状态
一般将来时常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用,如:tomorrow(明天), next week(下周), from now on(从现在开始);in the future(将来)等。
2)表示将来经常发生的动作。
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“shall(第一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成”外,还有以下几种形式。
1)“to be going to+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如:
①It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 ②We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开会。 2)go, come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作,例如: I'm leaving for Beijing. 我要去北京。
3)“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如: ①Are we to go on with this work?我们继续干吗?
②The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学。
4)“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作,意为:很快,马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。例如: We are about to leave.我们马上就走。
5)某些词,如come, go, leave, arrive, start, get, stay 等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 ①The meeting starts at five o'clock.会议五点开始。 ②He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车 四、一般将来时特点
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?
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b. 计划,安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 五、一般将来时常见用法
1、表示将要发生的动作。例如:I shall go to see a friend this evening.
2、shall用于第一人称作主语的问句里,表示征求对方的意见或询问情况。例如:Shall I open the door? 3、will用于第二人称的问句里,征求对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令。例如:Will you please read the word?
4、be going to打算、准备做某事或即将发生的事。例如:We are going to plant trees.这种时态由be的将来时形式+现在分词构成。如主语为第一人称,除在疑问句外will要比shall更常用.可用做一般进行时;也可表示不含意图又未发生的动作。
5、be to do按计划安排要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如:When is the swimming pool to open? 6、be going在go,come,leave,stay等按计划安排要发生的事中。这些动词经常具有趋向性。例如:They are leaving here tomorrow.
第四节 一般过去时态
一、概念
表示在的过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。通常在句子里找到表示过去时间的词或词组。如:yesterday,yesterday morning,yesterday afternoon,yesterday evening,the day before yesterday(前天),last night,last week,last month, last year,a moment ago(刚才),just now(刚才), two days ago,a week ago,in 1990等。 如: I went to bed at eleven last night. 昨晚我11:00睡觉。
二、动词过去式的构成规律 (一)规则动词的过去式
1、一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed;如:look→looked play→played; 2、以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d;如:live→lived use→used;
3、以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词,先将 y 改为i ,再加 –ed;如:study→studied, try→tried fly→flied 4、以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写这个辅音字母后,再加 –ed。如:stop→stopped plan→planned;
(二)不规则动词的过去式(后附不规则动词变化表) 1、改变动词中的元音;
begin→began drink→drank come→came eat→ate grow→grew run→ran know→knew win→won speak→spoke take→took write→wrote get→got
2、变词尾的–d 为–t ; build→built lend→lent send→sent spend→spent bend→bent 3、与动词原形一样; cut→cut put→put cost→cost hurt→hurt shut→shut 4、变-ay 为-aid (少数动词); say→said pay→paid lay→laid
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5、采用不同词根;sell→sold teach→taught buy→bought 6、其他。如:am/is→was are→were have/has→had do→did 三、句式变化
(一)一般过去时的一般疑问句
1、把was, were放在句首,其余位置不变。由Was…?引导的一般疑问句,肯定答为:Yes,… was. 否定回答为:No,…. wasn’t. 由Were…?引导的一般疑问句,肯定回答为:Yes,… were. 否定回答为:No,… weren’t. 如:
(1)I was born in Shanghai. →Were you born in Shanghai? →Yes, I was. (肯定回答) →No, I wasn’t. (否定回答) (2)They were in Li Yan’s home last night. →Were they in Li Yan’s home last night?
→Yes, they were. (肯定回答) →No, they weren’t. (否定回答)
2、在行为动词的句子中,要用助动词词did来引导,其余的语序不变。要注意的是,要把行为动词的过去式改为原形。肯定回答为:Yes, …did. 否定回答:No, …didn’t. 如:
John played computer games last night. →Did John play computer games last night?
→Yes, he did. (肯定回答) →No, he didn’t. (否定回答) (二)一般过去时的否定句
1、在表示过去存在的状态的句子中,相接在was, were的后面加上not。
如:(1)He was in the park the day before yesterday. →He was not in the park the day before yesterday.
(2)We were busy last week. →We were not busy last week.
2、在表示过去的时间发生的动作的句子中,要在行为动词的前面加助动词didn’t.然后把过去式的行为动词改为动词原形。即:didn’t + 动词原形。如:
(1)She played the violin last night. →She didn’t play the violin last night. (2) They swam in the lake yesterday. →They didn’t swim in the lake yesterday. (三) 一般过去式的特殊疑问句
1.What did … ?(主要是询问过去发生了什么事情,注意要把过去式改为动词原形。) We ate Chinese food last night. →What did we eat last night? 2.Where did ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的地方。) They sang and dance in the music room yesterday morning. →Where did they sing and dance yesterday morning?
3.Who + 动词过去式 … ?( 主要是询问过去事情发生的人物。) Mike and Tom climbed mountains last weekend. →Who climbed mountains last weekend? 四、句子结构
1、在表示某个时间里存在的状态的句子,系动词用过式was,were构成。如:
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(超详)六年级小升初英语知识点归纳汇总
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