2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.
Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.
Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for
success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness
initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.
1. [A] denied [B] concluded [C] doubled
[D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome 3. [A] Instead [B] However
[C] Likewise
[D] Therefore [D] example
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern 6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of 7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals
[D] in of [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
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9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward 10. [A] so 11. [A] shape 12. [A] start
[B] while [B] spirit [B] quality
[C] since [D] unless [C] balance [D] taste [C] retire
[D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant 14. [A] option
[B] reason
[C] opportunity [D] tendency [C] imitated [D] monitored
[D] associated
15. [A] employed [B] pictured 16. [A] computed 17. [A] Even
[B] combined [C] settled [B] Still
[C] Yet [D] Only [C] ignored [D] grounded [C] policies [D] studies
18. [A] despised [B] corrected 19. [A] discussions [B] businesses 20. [A] for
[B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84yearold widow who recently emerged from her small, tinroofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her newfound fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes oldhat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure
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of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? [A] A big house. [B] A special tour. [C] A stylish car. [D] A rich meal. 22. The author's attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ________. [A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous 23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that ________. [A] consumers are sometimes irrational [B] popularity usually comes after quality [C] marketing tricks are after effective [D] rarity generally increases pleasure 24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ________. [A] has left much room for readers’ criticism [B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase [C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US [D] may give its readers a sense of achievement 25. This text mainly discusses how to ________. [A] balance feeling good and spending money [B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries [C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent [D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into selfaffirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into selfenhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which must did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who selfenhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly
corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher selfesteem. “I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won't be selfenhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley's study, it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, they don't even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook therefore, is a selfenhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. “It's not that people's profiles are dishonest”, says Catalina Toma of Wiscon—Madison university,” but they portray an idealized version of themselves.
26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that ________. [A] our selfratings are unrealistically high [B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect [C] our need for leadership is unnatural [D] selfenhancing strategies are ineffective 27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's ________.
[A] rapid watching [B] conscious choice [C] intuitive response [D] automatic selfdefence 28. Epley found that people with higher selfesteem tended to ________. [A] underestimate their insecurities [B] believe in their attractiveness [C] cover up their depressions [D] oversimplify their illusions
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29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ________. [A] instinctively [B] occasionally [C] particularly [D] aggressively 30. It can be inferred that Facebook is selfenhancer's paradise because people can ________. [A] present their dishonest profiles [B] define their traditional life styles [C] share their intellectual pursuits [D] withhold their unflattering sides
Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be
immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.
It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That's not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.
As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”
31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ________. [A] ease the competition of man vs. Machine [B] highlight machines' threat to human jobs [C] provoke a painful technological revolution [D] outmode our current economic structure 32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ________.
[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities [B] automation is accelerating technological development [C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation [D] man will finally win the race against machine 33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often ________. [A] performed by innovative minds [B] scripted with an individual style [C] standardized without a clear target [D] designed against human creativity
34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ________. [A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice [B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times [D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace
35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text? [A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices? [B] Machines will Replace Human Labor [C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines? [D] Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.
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Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillionpound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60, 000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015，is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of largescale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
36. The author believes that the housing sector ________. [A] has attracted much attention [B] involves certain political factors [C] shoulders too much responsibility [D] has lost its real value in economy 37. It can be learned that affordable housing has ________. [A] increased its home supply [B] offered spending opportunities [C] suffered government biases [D] disappointed the government 38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ________. [A] allow greater government debt for housing [B] stop local authorities from building homes [C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt [D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast 39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would ________. [A] lower the costs of registered providers [B] lessen the impact of government interference [C] contribute to funding new developments [D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities 40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may ________.
[A] implement more policies to support housing [B] review the need for largescale public grants [C] renew the affordable housing grants programme [D] stop generous funding to the housing sector Part B Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British Land Art, typified by Long's piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.
Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long's photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.
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2014年考研英语二真题及解析 - 图文
