协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb),也叫辅助动词。 被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。 助动词用来构成时态和语态。 例如:
He does not speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)
句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。 A dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只猫。) 句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。
Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗?) 句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词have一起构成疑问。 助动词具有语法意义,但没有词汇意义,不可单独作谓语。它没有对应的汉译。 例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 (does是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
最常用的助动词有:be, have, has, do, does, shall, did, will, should,等。
would 助动词可以协助主要动词构成时态或者语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句,构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。
2. 半助动词:
在功能上介于主动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动词。 常见的半助动词有:
be about to, be due to, be going to, be likely to, be meant to, be obliged to, be supposed to, be willing to,
have to, seem to, be unable to, be unwilling to等 3. 情态助动词:
情态助动词包括:will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better
情态助动词一般简称为情态动词。后接动词原形。 情态助动词不受主语的人称和数的限制。 两个情态助动词不能连用。 例:
他将能够及时完成此事。
He will can finish it in time. × He will be able to finish it in time.
√
b. 表示命令。例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 c. 征求意见。例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他? Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢? d. 表示相约、商定。例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。 2. 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如: He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如: I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。 3)have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如: English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 3. 助动词do 的用法 1)构成一般疑问句。例如: Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗? Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗? 2)do + not 构成否定句。例如: I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3)构成否定祈使句。例如: Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。 4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如: Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。