第 1 关 【句子的构成和结构】
一、句子的构成
(一)谓语动词—句子的核心
1. 行为动词:表示动作、行为。分为不及物动词【vi.】和及物动词【vt.】两种。 不及物动词【vi.】 不能直接跟宾语,但可以跟介词宾语。 如:Vampires never die but they can die of sunlight.
及物动词【vt.】 后面必须跟宾语。如:The cross can kill vampires. 注意:及物和不及物通常是改错和从句中常考察的知识点。 2. 连系动词:表示感觉、变化、状态等;后面必须跟上表语,构成系表结构,无被动。 常见的系动词有: 1) be 动词:是,成为
2) 表示感觉:look, seem, sound, smell, taste, feel 等。 3) 表示变化:become, get, turn, go, come, grow 4) 表示保持:keep, stay, remain
5) 表示结果:prove【证明是】, turn out【结果是】
系动词构成的句子如:Most vampires look handsome or beautiful. 注意:系动词后跟表语,所以没有被动语态,切记。 如:你的想法证明是对的。
错误表达:Your idea was proved right.
正确表达:Your idea proved right./ Your idea proved to be right.
3. 助动词:助动词只起到辅助作用,且本身无意义。因而不能独立作谓语,必须和主要动词搭配。 助动词的作用:1) 构成否定、疑问和答语
2) 构成时态和语态如:If you don't marry me, I will die.
注意:助动词是谓语的一部分,非谓语动词不用助动词,所以非谓语动词的否定式直接加 not。
4. 情态动词:也叫情态助动词。相对一般的助动词来说,情态动词是有意义的,可以表示说话人的 语气和情态等。如可以表示请求、猜测、责任等。因其本质上仍是助动词,所以不能独立作谓语, 必须和主要动词搭配。 如:Can you can a can ?
注意:情态动词+do 表示现在和将来;情态动词+have done 表示过去或虚拟语气。
(二)简单句的五种类型
行为动词构成的句子:1) 主+谓【不及物】Vampires never die.
2) 主+谓+宾 3) 主+谓+双宾语 pain.
Sunlight can kill vampires.
The vervain will bring the vampires great
4) 主+谓+宾+宾补 The vervain will make the vampires painful.
连系动词构成的句子:5) 主+系+表
Most vampires look handsome.
二、句子结构
1. 简单句—最简因式型:只含有一个谓语,如:I like soccer. I never play it.
2. 并列句—平等对立型:由并列连词连接的简单句,如:I like soccer but I never play it. 3. 复合句—从属关系型:由从属连词连接的简单句,其中一个句子在另一个句子中作成分;即复合句。如:I think that you like soccer.
【即时练习】判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句: 1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 【语法狂练】
I. 指出下列句子所属的类型,并翻译。 1. I feel tired, both mentally and physically.
2. I am looking forward to your early reply.
3. We can make our study more efficient.
4. In other words, we are the master of our own future.
5. What he said really matters.
6. The trouble is that they are short of money.
7. A blind man was walking slowly and carefully with a stick in his hand.
8. Friends made my life full of excitement, imagination and romance.
9. Only in this way can we build up a more harmonious society.
10. This morning our teacher told us something about the Hope Project in class.
II. 按要求完成句子
1.这种布料摸起来很软。(主语+系动词+表语)
This kind of cloth 2. 我们尚未决定什么时候再讨论这个问题。(主语+谓语+宾语)
We haven't decided 3. 奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。(主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语) Granny told last night 4. 每天早上我们都能听到他大声朗读英语。(主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语) Every morning we hear him 5.早睡早起是个好习惯。(主语+系动词+表语,动名词作主语) 6. 最近 10 年我的家乡发生了巨大变化。(主语+谓语)
in my hometown in the past ten years. 7. 你会发现英语是通往如此丰富知识的桥梁。(主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语) You will find to so much knowledge. 8. 我真的很感谢你过来帮我补习数学。(主语+谓语+宾语,动名词复合结构作宾语)
is a good habit.
I really to help me with my math. III. 用简单句翻译下列各句,并标出所属的基本句式
1. 这是我的妈妈。
2. 她是一个普通的家庭妇女。 3. 刚才她坐在这里。 4. 她在看电视。 5. 我感到意外。 6. 她在哭泣(weep)。 7. 什么事可使她高兴?
8. 我给她讲了一个滑稽可笑的故事。 9. 她情不自禁地笑了起来。
IV.添加细节和关联词用 5 个简单句合并短文