摘要
保护性耕作是国际农业技术发展的重要趋势,秸秆还田技术是机械化 保护性耕作中关键的一项技术。使用机械化秸秆还田技术可以有效地解决农忙期间争农时、争劳力的矛盾,有力推动秸秆还田的农业全程机械化进程,避免由于焚烧秸秆产生的环境污染。本着一机多用、降低生产成本的原则,研制了既能满足玉米秸秆、又能单独实现旋耕作业的新型玉米秸秆还田机。
(1)在对秸秆粉碎及灭茬基本理论分析的基础上,提出多功能玉米秸秆还田机总体结构设计方案。采用卧式结构,主要由悬挂装置、变速箱、秸秆粉碎机构、等组成。拖拉机输出动力经万向节传递给变速箱,变速箱一轴经齿轮、链轮两级增速后,带动粉碎刀辊工作。
(2)设计了新型变速箱,实现了秸秆粉碎的作业,结构简单,一机多用。主要由锥齿轮传动等组成。利用从动齿轮的离合来实现粉碎、旋耕动力的分离与结合,从而分别完成秸秆粉碎与旋耕单项作业,实现一机多用之功能。 关键词 : 变速箱;方案设计;甩刀;结构及工作原理
Abseract
The protection cultivation is the most important international agricultural technology development tendency. The smashed straw technology is one essential technology of the mechanized protection cultivation. Using smashed straw machines call effectively solve the problems that striving for time and during the busying farming time,and Can make the agricultural entire mechanization come truth. It also call avoid environment pollution caused
by straw setting on fire. According to multi-function and reducing production cost,
(1)On the basic of studying the elementary theory of smashing straw,the integral structure design plan of multi-function machine was introduced. The machine is mainly composed of system,gearbox,mission system,stalk-soil returning roller, rotary tiller roller, and depth limit roller. Power is transmitted from the tractor shaft to the power output gearbox. One shaft of the gearbox is acceleratedby both bevel gears and strap transmission. And then it drives the stalk—smashing knives revolving quickly. Another is moved by the bevel gears and strap wheel to drive the rotary tiller working.
(2)The innovative point is the design of new gearbox,which has realized the composite work or work of smashing straw,stubble and rotary tillage for the first time. It makes one machine has two uses. the gearbox is mainly composed of bevel gears,poking fork,clutch,and bearings. Using the separation or union between the clutch and gears,the separation or union of the power can be realized. So,the machine call choose smashed straw work or rotary tillage work. And the intension of bevel gears, belts,axes are checked.
Keywords: gearbox;smashed straw ;Structures and worki
目录
摘要 ........................................................................ I Abseract .................................................................. II 1 绪论 ..................................................................... 1
1.1 科学依据 ............................................................ 1
1.1.1有机肥源 ....................................................... 1 1.1.2保墒和调控田间温湿度 ........................................... 1 1.1.3抑制杂草 ....................................................... 1 1.1.4疏松土质 ....................................................... 1 1.1.5有效增产 ....................................................... 2 1.2 国内外发展现状 ...................................................... 2 1.3 研究内容和方法 ...................................................... 5
1.3.1研究内容 ....................................................... 5 1.3.2研究方法 ....................................................... 6 1.3.3研究技术路线 ................................................... 6
2 总体方案设计 ............................................................. 8
2.1 设计依据 ............................................................ 8 2.2 工作原理 ............................................................ 8 2.3 关键问题及解决方法 .................................................. 9 3 主要零部件的设计计算 .................................................... 10
3.1 变速箱设计 ......................................................... 10 3.2 配套动力计算 ..................................... 错误!未定义书签。12 3.3 变速箱 ............................................................. 15 3.4 主轴及粉碎部件的设计 ............................................... 16 3.5 主要零件的强度校核 ................................................. 18 3.6 刀片的结构设计 ..................................................... 22 3.7 刀片的主要结构参数确定 ............................................. 23 3.8 刀片的排列 ......................................................... 24
4 使用说明 ................................................................ 27
4.1 主要技术参数 ....................................................... 27 4.2 使用与保养 ......................................................... 29 4.3 安全注意事项 ....................................................... 31 5 机组功率消耗及影响因素 .................................................. 31 6 结论 .................................................................... 33 参考文献 ................................................................... 35 致 谢 ..................................................................... 37
1 绪论
使用联合收割机作业,田间作物秸秆较多,给下茬的栽插、播种整地带来不小的困难,目前多采用放火烧的办法处理,既浪费资源又增加了土壤的碱性,同时也造成了环境污染和安全隐患。实施机械化秸秆还田技术,可减少环境污染,改善土壤结构,增加土壤有机质含量,是实现农业可持续发展的重要措施。将各种秸秆机械化还田是当前秸秆综合利用的主要方式之一,大力推广先进、适用的秸秆还田机械,是发挥农机化在建设社会主义新农村的作用的一项重要内容。
1.1 科学依据
1.1.1有机肥源
玉米秸秆中含有大量的有机质、氮磷钾及微量元素。其中豆科作物的秸秆含氮
较多,禾科作物的秸秆含钾较丰富,作物秸秆提供的养分占我国有机肥总养分的13%~19%,是农业生产中重要的有机肥源。农作物秸秆在粉碎还田耕翻后,秸秆在分解过程中进行矿质化,释放养分,同时还进行腐殖质化,使一些有机质化合物缩合并且脱水,形成更加复杂的腐殖质,从而改善了土壤的结构及保水、透气、吸水、粘结、保温等的性状和能力,提高了土壤的自身调节水、肥、温、气的能力,可将营养元素供下季作物再吸收,从而实现营养元素在土壤、作物之间的良性循环。 1.1.2保墒和调控田间温湿度
玉米秸秆覆盖地面,可减少水分的蒸发,缓冲雨水对土壤的侵蚀,减少地面径
流,加厚了蓄水层的厚度,同时还隔离了阳光对土壤的直射降低地温。 1.1.3抑制杂草
与除草剂配合使用,可提高抑草的作用,研究结果表明,麦秸秆还田还可提高
稻米的品质。 1.1.4疏松土质
农作物秸秆粉碎还田使土壤质地疏松,通气性提高,犁耕比阻减少,贮存水分、