初被动语态讲解
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被动语态
一．概念：
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)与被动语态（The Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 例：1. They make trains in Xi’an. >> Trains are made in Xi’an by them.
2. Xm beats Xx evey day. >> Xx is beaten by Xm every day.
二．构成
be + done (p.p.--及物动词的过去分词）
一般现在时—— am／is ／are + v.p.p. 一般过去时—— was／were +v.p.p.
一般将来时—— will be／be going to be + v.p.p.
过去将来时——would be/was,were going to be + v.p.p 现在进行时——am/is/are being + v.p.p. 过去进行时——was/were being+ v.p.p. 现在完成时—— have/has +been+ v.p.p
情态动词—— aux.v. (must／can／could／may…) + be + v.p.p.
三．被动语态的使用
1. 当我们不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时； 例：1. His car was stolen last night.
2. Basketball is played in most countries.
2. 动作的承受者是谈话的中心 （常由by引起）
例：1. A lot of articles (that) we have learned were written by Lu Xun.
四．不用被动语态的情况
1. 某些及物动词+ adv表主动，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write，wear，wash，photograph, clean, cook, cut 例：1. This book sells well.
2. Your pen writes really well/smoothly.
3. This dress (that) my mom bought for me wears well 4. She does not photograph well.
5. The cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft.
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句子是主谓结构时，不用被动语态。常见的谓语动词有：happen, take place, (dis)appear, rise,
break out, come about, come true, come out, run out, turn out 例：1. A traffic accident happened just now.
2. Great changes are taking place in my hometown. 3. He disappears.
4. When a gay person comes out, they let people know that he is a gay.
3. 连系动词无被动：?感官系动词：look、feel、sound、smell、taste ?“表变化的系动词”：become、grow、turn、fall、get ? “表保持的系动词”：keep, reamain, stay ④ prove + 形容词，名词或不定式 五．注意
1. 使役动词(make, have, let) 和感官动词 (see, watch, notice, hear, find) 后跟省略了to的动词不定式, 但在被动语态中必须还原to。
例：1. We noticed a stranger enter the classroom. >> A stranger was noticed to enter the classroom.
2. We heared him sing that morning. >> He was heared to sing that morning.
3. They found him steal a necklace from a shop. >> He was found to steal a necklace from... 注意：这些感官动词在中考中会出现其后跟doing的备选项，其意义为“看到，听到，发现，注意到某人正在做某事）
2. 含双宾语的被动语态：直接宾语（物）和间接宾语（人） 主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：
① 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位； 例：1. He gave a book to me. >>> I was given a book by him.
2. He bought a gift for me. >>> I was bought a gift by him.
②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。
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例：1. He gave a book to me. >>> A book was given to me by him
2. He bought a gift for me.
>>> A gift was bought for me by him.
3. 有些不及物动词加介词构成“及物动词短语”，变成被动语态时注意不能丢掉介词 例：look after, look at, take care of, take a photo of， laugh at , be used for
1. He looks after his sister. >>> His sister is looked after by him.
2. We must take good care of our children. >>> Our children must be taken good care of. 3. I will take a photo of you. >>> You will be taken a photo of by me.
现在完成时被动语态
【学习目标】1.现在完成时被动语态的结构 2. 现在完成时被动语态的主要用法3．使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题
【课前预习】现在完成时被动语态的结构就是 现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + 动词过去分词”。试比较以下几组句子的谓语结构：
主动：He has repaired the machine for two hours. （他修理这台机器已有两小时了） 被动： The machine has been repaired for two hours. （这台机器已修了两小时了） 2. 主动句：The teacher has borrowed the books. （老师把那些书借走了） 被动句：The books have been borrowed by the teacher. （那些书被老师借走了） 【本课重点】
一、现在完成时被动语态的构成
1．现在完成时被动语态的肯定式：由“have ／has ＋been ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：Two windows have been broken．两个窗子被打破了。
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2．现在完成时被动语态的否定式：由“have ／has ＋not＋been ＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：The car has not been repaired．这辆汽车还没有修好。
3．现在完成时被动语态的一般疑问式：由“Have ／Has ＋主语＋been＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：①─Has her work been finished？她的工作完成了吗？ ─Yes，it has．是的，完成了。
②─Have the cars been repaired？这些汽车修好了吗？─No，they haven't．不，还没有。
现在完成时被动语态的特殊疑问式：由“疑问词＋have／has＋主语＋been＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如：How long has her work been finished？她的工作完成有多久了？
Who has been helped by the new computer？谁已经得到了这台新计算机的帮助？ How many new words have been learned by the students？这些学生已经学会了多少单词？
二、现在完成时被动语态的主要用法
1．表示被动的动作发生在说话之前（即现在的过去），强调对现在造成的影响和结果。
例如：The door has been locked．门被锁上了。（结果是现在没有人能进去） 2．表示一个被动的动作或状态开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能将持续下去，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long．．．？句型中。
例如：They have been told about it for many times．有人告诉他们这事很多次了。（可能还会有人告诉他们） How long has the machine been used？这机器使用有多久了？ 三、使用现在完成时的被动语态需要注意的问题
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初中被动语态讲解电子教案
