第十章 醇和醚
1. 将下列化合物按伯仲叔醇分类,并用系统命名法命名。
OHCH3CH3CCH3OHOH
(1) 仲醇,2-戊醇 (2) 叔醇,叔丁醇 (3) 叔醇,3,5-二甲基-3-己醇
OHOHHOCH2CH2CH2OH
(4) 仲醇,4-甲基-2-己醇 (5) 伯醇,1-丁醇 (6) 伯醇,1,3-丙二醇
OHOHOH
(7) 仲醇 异丙醇 (8) 苄醇 1-苯基乙醇 (9) 2-壬烯-5-醇,仲醇
2.预测下列化合物与卢卡斯试剂反应速度的顺序。
解:与卢卡斯试剂反应速度顺序如下: 2-甲基-2-戊醇>二乙基甲醇>正丙醇 3.下列化合物在水中的溶解度,并说明理由。
解:溶解度顺序如右:(4)> (2) > (1) > (3) > (5)。
理由:羟基与水形成分子间氢键,羟基越多在水中溶解度越大,醚可与水形成氢键,而丙烷不能。 4. 区别下列化合物。
解:(1) 溴水 浓硫酸 (2) 卢卡斯试剂 2-丁醇 十分钟变浑 烯丙醇 褪色 丙醇 不变 溶解 1-丁醇 加热变浑 1-氯丙烷 不变 不溶 2-甲基-2-丙醇 立即变浑 (3) 卢卡斯试剂 α-苯乙醇 β -苯乙醇 立即变浑 加热才变浑 5. 顺-2-苯基-2-丁烯和2-甲基-1-戊烯经硼氢化-氧化反应后,生成何种产物
解:
CH3C6H5C=CCH3HB2H6NaOH,H2O2CH3C6H5CHCHOHCH3NaOH,H2O2CH3HOCH2CHCH2CH2CH3
CH3B2H6CH2=CCH2CH2CH36. 写出下列化合物的脱水产物。
解: (1) (3) CH3CH=C(CH3)2 (2) (4) (CH3)2C=CHCH2OH CH=CHCH(CH3)2CH=CHCH3 (5) CH3CH3CH3CH=CC=CHCH37.比较下列各组醇和溴化氢反应的相对速度。
解:(1) 反应速度顺序:对甲基苄醇 > 苄醇 > 对硝基苄醇。
(2) a-苯基乙醇>苄醇 > β-苯基乙醇
8.(1) 3-丁烯-2-醇与溴化氢作用可能生成那些产物试解释之。 解:反应产物和反应机理如下:
CH2=CHCHCH3OHCH2=CHCHCH3OHCH2=CHHBrCH2=CHCHCH3Br+BrCH2CH=CHCH3H+CH2=CHCHCH3+OH2+H2OCHCH3+CH2CH=CHCH3Br-BrCH2CH=CHCH3Br-CH2=CHCHCH3Br
(2) 2-丁烯-1-醇与溴化氢作用可能生成那些产物试解释之。 解:反应产物和反应机理如下:
HOCH2CH=CHCH3HBrBrCH2CH=CHCH3+CH2=CHCHCH3OH
HOCH2CH=CHCH3H2O+H+H2OCH2CH=CHCH3CH2=CHCHCH3Br-CH2=CHCHCH3OH
++CH2CH=CHCH3Br-BrCH2CH=CHCH39. 应历程解释下列反应事实。 解: (1) 反应历程:
(CH3)3CCHCH3OHH+(CH3)3CCHCH3+H+(CH)CCH=CH332CH3CH3CHCH3C+CH3CH3CH3C+CHCH3H+CH3(CH3)2CHC=CH2CH3+(CH3)2C=(CH3)2
(2) 反应历程:
CH2OHH+CH2OH2+H2OCH2++-HCH2CH2++H+CH2+H扩环重排 1,2-H迁移
+CH3H+10. 用适当地格利雅试剂和有关醛酮合成下列醇(各写出两种不同的组合)。 解:1.2-戊醇:
CH3CHO+CH3CH2CH2MgBrCH3CHCH2CH2CH3OMgBr
CH3MgBr+H2O.H+CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OH CH3CHCH2CH2CH3OCHCH2CH2CH2CH3OMgBr+H2O.HCH3CHCH2CH2CH3OH
(2)2-甲基-2-丁醇:
无水乙醚
CH3CH3HO,H+2CH3CH2CCH3CH3CH2CCH3OHOMgBrCH3CH3HO,H+2CH3CH2CCH3CH3CH2CCH3OH OMgBrCH3CH2MgBrCH3MgBr+CH3COCH3+CH3COCH2CH3
3.1-苯基-1-丙醇 (3)2-苯基-1-丙醇:
MgBr+OCHCH2CH3CHCH2CH3H3O+OMgBrCHCH2CH3OHCHO+CH3CH2CH2MgBrCHCH2CH3H3O+OMgBrCHCH2CH3OH
(4)2-苯基-2-丙醇:
CH3MgBr+CH3COC6H5MgBr+CH3CCH3H2O,H+OMgBrCH3+HO,H2CCH3OMgBrCH3CCH3OHCH3CCH3OH
CH3COCH3
11.合成题
解:(1)甲醇,2-丁醇合成2-甲基-1-丁醇:
CH3CHCH2CH3PCl3CH3CHCHCH3Mg,(C2H5)2OCH3CHCH2CH3OHMgClCl CH3OH[O]CH2O+H2O,H+CH3CHCH2CH3MgCl(2)正丙醇,异丙醇合成2- 甲基-2-戊醇
CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CHCH3OHCH3CH2CH2MgCl+CH3COCH3PCl3[O]CH3CH2CH2ClCH3COCH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2OH
Mg,(C2H5)2OCH3CH2CH2MgClH2O,H+CH3CH3CCH2CH2CH3OH
(3)甲醇,乙醇合成正丙醇,异丙醇: