则,长方体体积的系统误差
?V??V?V?V?a??b??c ?a?b?c?498.4?1.2?1809.92?(?0.8)?7191.2?0.5?2745.744mm3(3分)
因此,长方体的体积
V?V0??V?80541.44?2745.744?77795.696mm3 (2
分)
极限误差为
??V?2??V?2??V?2?V?????a????b????c?a?b?c????????498.42?0.82?1809.922?0.52?7191.22?0.52 (3??3729.11mm3分)
因此,长方体的体积是77795.696mm3,体积的极限误差是?3729.11mm3。
3. 测量某电路电阻R两端的电压U,由公式I?UR算出电路电流I。若测得
U??U?(16.50?0.05)V,R??R?(4.26?0.02)?,相关系数?UR??0.36。试求标准不确定度表示的电路电流I。
解:
不考虑误差下的电路电流
I?UR?16.54.26?3.87A (2
222分)
电流的标准不确定度
??I?2??I?2??I???I?uI??????2?UR??U??R????U?R?U?R?U????????R??1?2?U?2?1??U?????U???2??R?2?UR????2??U?R (5?R??R??R??R??0.025A分)
不确定度报告:I?(3.87?0.025)A (3分)
2222
?y1?x1?4. 已知测量方程为:?y2?x2,而y1,y2,y3的测量结果分别为l1?5.26mm,
?y?x?x12?3l2?4.94mm,l3?10.14mm,试求x1与x2的最小二乘估计及其精度估计。(10分)
解:
(1)求最小二乘估计
?建立方程组,?y1?x1?y?2?x2,写为矩阵的形式:L?AX?,即 ?y3?x1?x2??l1???10?l??01??x1??2????? ?l?x?3????11??2?则
?1X????x?1?T?1??101???10?????101??5.26??x??(AA)ATL?2????0??01???011????11???11???????4.94????10.14?????21??1?5.26?01???5.26??12????101??011????4.94??1?2?1??1??????10.14??3??12??011???4.94? ??10.14????1?2?5.26?3??11?????121???1?15.72???5.24??4.94???10.14??3??14.76????4.92??即,??x1??x????5.24?? 2??4.92?x1与x2的最小二乘估计值分别为x1?5.24mm,x2?4.92mm。
(2分)
(2)计算精度
a.测量值的精度:
?1?l1?x1?1?0.02?2?l2?x2,得?2?0.02 ?3?l3?(x1?x2)?3??0.02则,?????2??222n?t?0.02?0.02?(?0.02)3?2?0.035mm
(2分)
b.估计值的精度为:
(3分)
正规方程为
i ai1 ai2 li a22i1 ai2 ai1ai2 ai1li ai2l2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 ? 2 2 1 ?由,??222?ai1ai1x1??ai1ai2x2??ai1li?i?1i?1i?1?2x1?x2?15.40????222,得正规方程,?a?x 1?2i2ai1x1?aax?alx2?15.08i?1?i2i22?i2ii?1i?1??2d11?d12?1,得,?dd11?11?2d12?00.67 同理,
??2d12?d22?1?0,得,?dd22?0.67 12?2d22则,
?x1??d11?0.035?0.67?0.028mm
?x2??d22?0.035?0.67?0.028mm 分)
3
(