chapter 1ABC
Why Study Public Speaking
? Increase personal and social abilities ? Enhance your academic and career skills ? Refine your general communication abilities ? Increase your public speaking abilities ? ….
Increase Personal and Social Abilities
? self-awareness ? self-confidence
? dealing with the fear of communicating Public Speaking VS Conversation
? Purpose: both communicate with a certain purpose
? Audience: a public speech is usually directed at more listeners. ? Feedback: public speaking is relatively uninterrupted discourse.
? Delivery: public speaking requires intensified volume of voice and bodily action.
? Materials and organization: public speeches are mostly prepared ones. Impromptu
speeches are rare.
The essentials of a speech
? Objective: why am I making this speech? ? Audience:whom am I making this speech to? ? Place:where ? Time and length
? Method of delivery:how ? Content:what ? Notes
? Rehearsal: identify weakness, practice difficult pronunciations
Dealing with nervousness
? Acquire speaking experience ? Prepare, prepare, prepare ? Think positively
? Use the power of visualization
? Know that most nervousness is Not visible ? Don’t expect perfection
Acquire Speaking Experience
? Enrolled in a public speaking course ? Stage fright: fear of the unknown
? Learning to give a speech is not much different from learning any other skill---it proceeds
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by trial and error. The purpose of your speech class is to shorten the process, to minimize the errors, to give you a nonthreatening arena---a sort of laboratory--- in which to undertake the “trial”
Think positively
Confidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking. Negative Thought & Positive Thought
? I wish I didn’t have to give this speech.
This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker.
? I am not a great public speaker.
No one is perfect, but I am getting better with each speech I give.
Terms
? Positive nervousness---controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his
presentation.
? Visualization---mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures herself or himself
giving a successful presentation.
? Creat a vivid mental blurprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech
Other tips for dealing with nervousness
? Be at your best physically and mentally. A good night’s sleep will serve you better.
? As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your
hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.
? Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. Most people take short and
shallow breaths, which only reinforces their anxiety. Deep breathing breaks this cycle of tension and help calm your nerves.
? Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speaker’s anxiety
level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 seconds of a presentation
? Make eye contact with members of your audience. Remember that they are individual
people, not a blur of faces. And they are your friends.
? Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your
stage fright. If you get caught up in your speech, your audience will too.
? Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and make you feel
less self-conscious.
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chapter 2 topic
Selecting a topic
? Speeches outside the classroom
the occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications
? Speeches in the public speaking class no designated topic
? What is a suitable speech topic?
? Worthwhile ? Appropriate ? Limited in scope
Suitable topic
? Worthwhile
significant implications for the audience
? Appropriate
know a lot, like to learn more
? Limited in scope
dividing the topic into several significant parts.
? General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标
? To inform: convey information
enhance the knowledge and understanding
? To persuade: advocate or partisan
Change or structure the attitudes or actions Difference: explain or exhort
? Specific purpose 具体目标
to inform my audience about… to persuade my audience to … Explain ←→ exhort
Specific Purpose
? Specific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to
accomplish in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句 ? Topic: Emergencies
? General purpose: To inform
? Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an
emergency
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Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement
Tip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语）, not as a fragment（片段） Tip 2
Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question 陈述句 Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语言
Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main point Tip 5
Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general
Phrasing the central idea
(Also called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought )
?What is the central idea?
?Guidelines for the central idea
What is the central idea?
? A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you want
the audience to absorb from your speech. ? In persuasive speeches
arguable, debatable, take your stance
? In informative speeches relatively neutral and objective
? The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish. ? The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say. ?
Guidelines for the central idea
? The central idea
1. Should be expressed in a full sentence 2.should not be in the form of a question. 3. should avoid figurative language 4. should not be vague or overly general
Summary
? Selecting a topic
? Determining your general purpose ? Determining your specific purpose ? Phrasing your central idea
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Four brainstorming procedures
? Make a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and so
forth.
? Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics that
come to mind in several categories. ? Look through a reference work for ideas
? Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.
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英语演讲选修课期末复习最后大总结
