句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词） -ing形式作adj.，故为现在分词，而非动名词 Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） -ing形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词 The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） -ing形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词 I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
双宾语（直接宾语+to+间接宾语），例如：Lend your dictionary to me, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/have等+宾语+宾补）。 宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） -ing形式强调动作，故为现在分词，而非动名词 We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）-ing形式作adj.且与country有主谓关
系
There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）-ing形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词 He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
【拓展】现在分词与动名词的区别 动名词(gerund)就是名词,只是保有一些动词的功能.所以它在句中可以作主语,宾语,表语,同位语,定语等那些名词可以充当的成分. 现在分词(present participle)相当于形容词,在句中作定语或者状语 所以当-ing形式出现在句中作主语,宾语,同位语时,它肯定是动名词. 当-ing形式出现在句中作状语时,它肯定是现在分词. 它们有可能被弄错的是作表语和定语时.其实也很好区分 1. 作表语: 我们知道, 名词和形容词都可以作表语. This is water(n.). It is transparent(adj). 这时你肯定能明白,如果-ing作表语相当于n.它就是动名词. 反之相当于adj.时它就是现在分词. The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring. One of the best exercises is swimming. 2. 作定语时的区别我在回答中已经解释了. 动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系. a sleeping bag.(用途)=a bag for sleeping a sleeping child = a child is sleeping (child是sleep的主语,sleep是child发出的动作) a swimming girl / a swimming pool 3. 最后来解释到底该用adv.还是adj.来修饰他们 无论是Present participle. 还是gerund, 它们都叫做动词的-ing形式(所以若有人分不清它们时,多把它们混为一谈).也就是说它们都有动词的特点,故而都可用adv修饰. eg: Reading a novel intently, I didn’t realize he came in. (reading, 现分作状语, 用adv intently修饰) eg: My dream is speaking English perfectly. (speaking动名词,副词perfectly修饰.) 但动名词不仅有动词的特点,它也有名词的特点,这就决定了它也可以像名词一样用物主代词,形容词来修饰. Would you mind my (物主代词) sitting here? The mellow(愉快的, 形容词) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring. （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
句子种类
（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old. / She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? / How old is he? / Is he six or seven years old? / Mary can swim, can′t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. / Don′t talk in class. 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e. g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e. g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e. g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e. g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词：e. g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e. g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e. g. My father bought me a car.
完整word版,高中英语句子成分句子种类(配练习题)
