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高中化学方程式
一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H) 1、氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸) F2+Xe(过量)==XeF2
2F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4)
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nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属) 2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是还原剂) 2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2 F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2 F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2 7F2(过量)+I2===2IF7
F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO ) 3F2(过
量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 ) Cl2+H
22HCl (将H2在Cl2
3PCl5
点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸) 3Cl2Cl23Cl2
+2Na2NaCl +2Fe2FeCl3 Cl2
+2P2PCl3 Cl2+PCl
+CuCuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl?) Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br?=2Cl?+Br2
Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I?=2Cl?+I2 3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO3 3Cl2+I+3H2O=6H++6Cl+IO3
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5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+
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Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓ Cl2+S2=2Cl+S↓
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Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓ (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl+S↓
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Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42+2Cl
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Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl+O2
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2O2S+H
+3FeFe3O4 O2+K===KO2 2H2S
2S+CCS2
S+ZnZnS
3S+2AlAl2S3 (只能由单质
S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取) S+2CuCu2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取) 制取,不能由离子制取) N2+3H
高温高压
2 催化剂
2NH3 N2+3MgMg3
N2 N2+3CaCa3N2
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N2N2P4+6HH2
+3BaBa3N2 N2 +6Rb2Rb3N N2
24PH3
+6Na2Na3N N2 +2Al2AlN P+3NaNa3P
+6K2K3N
2P+3ZnZn3P2
+2Li2LiH 2、还原性
S+O 2SO2 S+H2SO4(浓 )3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓 )H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O
S+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+-24SO 3S+4HNO3(稀3S+4H++4N2+O 4P+5O2P+3X
2P4O10(常写成P2O5)
22PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2) PX3+X
)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O
2CCl4
2 PX5
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)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O NO3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
2 2NO
P4+20HNO3(浓C+2FC+O2(足量
2C+O2(少量
2CF4 C+2Cl
)CO2
)2CO
C+CO2C+SiO
22CO C+H2 OCO+H2(生成水煤气)
2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl) 2SiO2
Si+CSiC(金刚砂)
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Si(粗)+2ClSi(粉)+O
Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (Si+2OH?+H2O=SiO+2H2↑) 3、歧化反应
Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化: (Cl2+H2
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OH++Cl+HClO)
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Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O) Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)
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3Cl2+6KOH(浓+3H2O)
)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH
5Cl+ClO3
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3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH
2S2+SO32+3H2O)
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4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2)
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11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaOCaC2+CO↑ 3C+SiO
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2SiC+2CO↑
二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性 2Na+H2Na+O
22NaH 4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na2O+O 2Na2O2 2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
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22Na2O2
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2+H2↑
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4Na+TiCl Mg+Cl2Mg+O
4 4NaCl+Ti 2MgCl2 Mg+Br 22MgO
2MgBr2
Mg+SMgS
2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg+2H22Mg+TiCl2Mg+CO
OMg(OH)2+H2↑ 4Ti+2MgCl2
Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb
22MgO+Si
22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑ (Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑) 2Al+3Cl
22AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧) 4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐) 4Al+3MnO2Al+Fe2O
22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O 3Al2O3+2Fe
3Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)
2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑ 2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O Al+4H++NO3=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
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2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H2↑
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2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3 3Fe+2OFe+I
2FeI2
2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O
22FeO (炼钢过程)
Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备) 3Fe+4H2
O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑ Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓ Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓
三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH) 1、还原性:
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