③ 人类一基本特征是会思维和预期，人的行为不仅是由行为后的强化所决定，还取决于人们对所选择行为将来强化的预期。
④ 四基础概念：行为潜能、预期、强化价值、心理情境。
3、 评述班杜拉的社会学习理论
观察学习是指通过对他人行为的观察从而获得某些新的行为反应，或已有行为反应得到修正的过程
在观察学习中，人不是机械模仿，而是有积极思考，最终习得的行为也会呈现出自己独特的风格。
观察学习经历四个阶段：第一个阶段是注意过程，即对榜样的知觉。第二个阶段是保持过程，即示范信息的储存。第三阶段是动作在线过程，即记忆行为的转变。第四阶段是动机过程，即从观察到行为强化的作用。
在观察学习中，看到某行为受到奖励后，观察者表现出该行为也随之增加，像是自己获得强化一样，当他们看到某行为受到惩罚后，他相应的行为也会减少，像是自己受惩罚一样，这抓奶哥现象被称为替代性强化。 评价：
① 揭示了观察学习的基本规律，以及社会因素对个体行为形成的作用。
② 班杜拉突破了传统行为主义学习理论的框架，把强化理论和信息加工观点有机的结合起来。
③ 班杜拉的自我效能构成人的主体因素的核心，弥补了某些认知人格学着对个体内在动机因素的忽视。
④ 以严密的，以人为被试的实验方法来证实其理论观点，为其理论增添了可信度。 局限：
① 适用范围有限
② 成果与教育环境中的具体运用有一定的距离。
知识
赠送以下资料
英语万能作文(模板型）
Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that....
随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。
As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.
然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法) As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.... 随着社会的发展，人们开始关注............
People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting
求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。
As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.
关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。
In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma.
在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。
Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....
最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。
The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history,
with the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.
人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。
...... plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?\
_______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是：\我们该如何抉择?\
Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges, 现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。
People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.
不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue. 这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。
When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...
说到______，有人认为________，而另一些人则认为__________。 Just as the saying goes: %understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.
俗话说，\。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。 To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes. 对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。
There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...
万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。 When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....
提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.
When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...
提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。
There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of .... There who criticize ...argue that ...., they believe that ...,but people who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...
目前，____问题争议较大。批判_____的人认为_____，他们认为_____，不过，另一方面，赞同_____的人则认为_______。 Some people are of the opinion that.. 有些人认为_________。 Many people claim that... 很多人认为_________。 A majority of 绝大多数
人格心理学提纲与的知识点
